Punching standards

Of the three standard bonding methods used in spunbonded manufacturing, mechanical needling, also called needle-punching or needle-bonding, is... 

Single-punch machines produce approximately 100—150 tablets per minute. Depending on numbers of die per punch units, standard rotary presses can produce 5000 tablets/min, and even more with a double-sided rotary press. The newest high speed presses can achieve 12,000 tablets/min. 

Nonwoven fabrics are generally described by the method of production, eg, needle-punched or spun-bonded (120). ASTM D1117 discusses various physical properties to be deterrnined for nonwoven fabrics and the standard procedures used. 

The specimen has no specified size. Specimens for this test may consist of any standard fabricated test specimen or cut/punch pieces of sheet or machined sample. Specimens are mounted outdoors on racks slanted at 45° and facing south. It is recommended that concurrent exposure be carried out in many varied climates to obtain the broadest, most representative total body of data. Sample specimens are kept indoors as controls and for comparison. Reports of weathering describe all changes noted, areas of exposure, and period of time. 

Prepare for each tablet diameter a test set of two upper punches (shorter and longer) as the standard punches (e.g., using a plaster layer). Build in the one punch and run the tablet machine with a placebo product. Then perform the same test with the other punch. 

NRC-NBS (Creitz) File of Spectrograms. Issued by National Research Council-National Bureau of Standards Committee on Spectral Absorption Data, National Bureau of Standards, Washington 25, DC. Spectra presented on edge-punched cards. 

Acylcarnitine analysis of dried blood or bile spots is very similar to the analysis of plasma. A small disk (diameter typically 5 mm or less) is punched out of the blood spot and the acylcarnitines extracted by the addition of methanol and known concentrations of isotopically labeled acylcarnitines, which function as internal standards. The extract is dried under a stream of nitrogen, and derivatized by the addition of either n-butanol HC1 or n-methanol HC1. The acylcarnitines are measured as their butyl or methyl esters by MS-MS. The concentrations of the analytes are established by computerized comparison of ion intensities of these analytes to that of the internal standards. 

One 5-mm blood or bile spot is punched out and placed into a labeled Eppendorf tube, together with 300 pi internal standard/extraction solution. Following agitation for 30 min on a plate rotator, the liquid is transferred to clean Reacti-Vials and dried under a gentle stream of warm nitrogen. Butylesters are then formed and the analysis performed as described for plasma samples (see 3.2.4, subheading Sample Preparation ). 

The punch pressure required to form a compact for tableting indices measurements is measured at the end of a long dwell time, typically 1.5 minutes, during which the punches remain in fixed positions and stress relaxation within the compact brings about a decay in the applied load. The reported pressure or CS is calculated from the relaxed force and it is dependent on the compact SF. A sample s CS at a standard SF, such as 0.85, can be interpreted to indicate the ease (i.e., the magnitude of the pressure) of forming compacts under standardized conditions. 

Compaction properties of each material were determined with a standardized test performed on a custom-built hydraulic compaction simulator using 8 mm (0.3150 in.) round flat-faced punches. A linear saw-tooth upper punch position profile was selected with a punch velocity of 300 mm/sec for both punch extension and retraction. The lower punch position was at a fixed position within the die during the compaction event. The powder weight loaded into the die for each compression was calculated from the equation below so as to form a cylindrical tablet having a thickness-to-diameter ratio of 0.30 at a theoretical SF of 1.0. These dimensions are typical of commercially elegant tablets. 

A standard IPT Type B tooling was used with a f " round flat tool tip. Tablets were made one at a time, and the compression force as well as the upper punch displacement and lower punch displacement were recorded. Tablet weight, thickness, and breaking hardness were measured for each tablet. 

RDX/SantowaxM 91/9 RDX/Be Square Special Wax The compns containing the Santowax M (product of Monsanto Chemical Co Santowax M is a meta-diphenyl benzene, a hard microcrystalline wax very stable to heat with a mp of 181-84°F) were found most suitable with respect to ease of manuf and non-adherence to punches and dies. They were more satisfactory than the standard Compn A-3. Both the Santowax M and the Be Square Special Wax coated the RDX crystals well the polyvinyl acetate/dibutylphthalate did not. The PVA/DBP, during the RDX coating... 

None of these waxes, including the standard, Staiiolind 170/5, was entirely satisfactory. The addition of graphite to the compns, the use of some mold release compds, and a change to a chromium plated punch did not improve the pelleting characteristics... 

Besides the calculation of average molecular weights, several other means of characterizing the distribution were produced. These include tables of percentile fractions vs. molecular weights, standard deviation, skewness, and kurtosis. The data for the tables were obtained on punched cards as well as printed output. The punched cards were used as input to a CAL COMP plotter to obtain a curve as shown in Figure 3. This plot is normalized with respect to area. No corrections were made for axial dispersion. 

Mice should be obtained from a reputable source and should be maintained under standard conditions as required by local animal welfare legislation. Female mice can be housed together and it is usual to indelibly mark individuals by tattoo, ear punch or electronic chip so that each animal and its immune response can be monitored. 

The common sieves are made of woven wire cloth and have square apertures. The sizes of the sieve openings have been standardized, and currently two different sets of standard series, the Tyler Standard and the U.S. Series ASTM Standard, are used in the United States. The mesh number of a sieve is normally defined as the number of apertures per unit area (square inch). Thus, the higher the mesh number the smaller the aperture. Typical mesh numbers, aperture sizes, and wire diameters are given for the lyier sieves and the U.S. ASTM sieves in Table 1.3. Sieve analysis covers the approximate size range of 37 pm to 5,660 pm using standard woven wire sieves. Electroformed micromesh sieves extend the range down to 5 pm or less while punched plate sieves extend the upper limit. 

Dried blood spot on different paper/cards were punched and dispensed into the wells of a 96-well plate, 20 pL of internal standard in approximately 50 % acetonitrile was added. Three hundred microliters of 70 % acetonitrile (v/v) was added and the plate was vortexed for 5 min at 800 rpm. Fifty microliters of 6 M ammonium formate was added and the plate was vortexed at 850 rpm for 10 min. The plate was then centrifuged at 3,500 rpm and 10°C for 5 min. The upper layer was transferred to a new plate and the samples were evaporated by a nitrogen stream at room temperature. The dried samples were reconstituted with 30 % acetonitrile and 5 pL of reconstituted sample were injected. 

In order to study the radial distribution of the six analytes on dried blood spots, smaller DBS punches (1 mm. i.d.) were extracted and quantified against blood standards. Six DBS 1 mm punches were taken from the centers of six separate spots and combined into one well of a 96-well plate. The next DBS punch was taken adjacent to the center one and each subsequent punch was taken adjacent to the previous one radially moving outward towards the edge as shown in Fig. 4. Additional punch was taken from just outside of the visual edge of the blood spot as a control sample to verify that analytes are not moving outside of the visual spot. All results from the control samples confirmed the absence of the tested compounds outside of the visual border of spots. Three types of paper/card and six compounds were used to evaluate the paper impact on the analyte distribution, but only FTA Elute and VWR 237 cards are presented here. 

Punched discs of similar size standardize the sur-face/volume ratio, and give more reproducible results than chips of cartilage obtained by scalpel dissection. A disadvantage is the greater amount of cartilage needed, which makes it unsuitable for human tissue obtained from joint replacement surgery. 

Atomic Absorption Spectroscopy. A titanium punch was used to cut 2.8-mm-diameter samples from the papers for calcium analysis. A Perkin-Elmer Model AD-2 Electronic Ultramicrobalance was used for the accurate weighing of the paper samples. Calcium content in the Dl-Ca waters and the papers was determined using a Varian Techtron AA-6 Spectrophotometer, with a Model 90 Carbon Rod Atomizer and Potentiometer A-25 Recorder (3). The solid samples (paper samples) were introduced into the graphite cup atomizer with tweezers. The standard solutions and Dl-Ca waters were inserted into the cup atomizer by means of 5-/xL Oxford pipet. 

Regarding the importance of compression tooling to the performance of the tablet press and the quality of the tablets, it is of paramount importance that punches and dies are handled with care. The first criterion is the identification of the tooling that is, punches and dies should be identified according to the standard and be designated by upper punch without key, upper punch with key, lower punch with key, lower punch without key, or die, the reference of the standard (e.g., TSM, EU, JN, ISO), and the punch or die diameter. Punches and dies should also have a marking that includes at least the manufacturer s identification, the number of the punch in the series, and/or the identification number. Upon... 

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