Pump transports

Loop bioreactor a modified type of airlift system in which a pump transports the air and liquid through the vessel. 

A modified type of airlift system widi gas and liquid flow patterns in which a pump transports the ah and liquid through die vessel. Here, an external loop is used, with a mechanical pump to remove the liquid. Gas and circulated liquid are injected into the tower through a nozzle. Figure 6.2 shows an airlift bioreactor diat operates widi an external recirculation pump. 

Loop reactor modified air lift, pump transport the air and fluid through the vessel. 

The pour point can be important for establishing proper pumping, transportation and storage parameters. 

Halorhodopsiti. In addition to bacteriorhodopsin there are three other retinal-containing proteins in membranes of halobacteria. From mutant strains lacking bacteriorhodopsin the second protein, halorhodopsin, has been isolated. It acts as a light-driven chloride ion pump, transporting Cl from outside to inside. Potassium ions follow, and the pump provides a means for these bacteria to accumulate KC1 to balance the high external osmotic pressure of the environment in which they live.578 The amino acid sequences of halorhodopsins from several species are very similar to those of bacteriorhodopsin as is the three-dimensional structure.589 However, the important proton-carrying residues D85 and D96 of bacteriorhodopsin are replaced by threonine and alanine, respectively, in halorhodopsin.590 Halorhodopsin (hR)... 

As regulation systems involving effectors, coupled transfers of charges and of mass, gates and pumps, transport processes extend towards the chemistry of information storage and retrieval at the molecular level, and are a major component in the design of molecular ionic devices (see Section 8.4). They thus open wide perspectives for the basic and applied developments of the functional features of supra-molecular chemistry. 

Heat pumps serve to transport heat from a lower to a higher temperature level. They do not make heat they just transport it. This is similar to a pump transporting water from a lower to a higher elevation. The required energy input of a heat pump is a function not only of the amount of heat to be transported but also of the temperature difference across which it is transported. A 1°C (1.8°F) reduction of this temperature difference will lower the yearly operating cost by 2.7% (1.5%). 

Grabovac V., Bernkop-Schnurch A. (2006) Thiolated polymers as effective inhibitors of intestinal Mrp2 efflux pump transporters. Sci Pharm, 74. 

Mg -ATPase activity can likewise be inhibited in the canalicular side of the membrane by cholestatic factors (in particular bile acids). This metabolic pump transports bicarbonate and chloride into the canaliculi and is probably closely associated with the function of the microfilaments. 

Pumps are proteins that can transport ions against electrochemical potential gradients using adenosine-5-triphosphate (ATP) as an energy source. Sodium-potassium pumps maintain intracellular sodium and potassium concentrations in animal cells and also control salt and water absorption by the epithelial cells in the intestine and kidney. The sodium-potassium pump transports three sodium ions out of the cell and two potassium ions into the cell at the cost of one molecule of ATP. The 3 2 coupling ratio results in net loss of sodium ions into the cell down an electrochemical gradient and maintains cell volume. Currently, considerable research is attempting to elucidate the structures of the various isoforms and subunits of sodium potassium pumps. 

A small submergible aquarium water pump transports the water from the lower reservoir through a dear plastic tube. Water is returned to the reservoir through another plastic tube located at the oottom of the upper grow bed. A large air stone or bubble tube is placed below the water line to aerate the reservoir water. 

Power production is responsible for the introduction of toxic chemicals into drinking water via several routes. These include petroleum production (drilling, pumping, transport, and refining), coal mining, petroleum combustion, and coal combustion. Nuclear reactors that produce electricity also pollute the water environment through the introduction of massive quantities of heat to surface waters. 

Much of the cell s contents is a watery soup flavored with small molecules (e.g., simple sugars, amino acids, vitamins) and ions (e.g., sodium, chloride, calcium ions). The locations and concentrations of small molecules and ions within the cell are controlled by numerous proteins inserted in cellular membranes. These pumps, transporters, and ion channels move nearly all small molecules and ions into or out of the cell and its organelles (Chapter 7). 

The structures of F class and V class ion pumps are sIm liar to one another but unrelated to and more complicated than P-class pumps. F- and V-class pumps contain several different transmembrane and cytosolic subunits. All known V and F pumps transport only protons. In a process that does not Involve a phosphoprotein Intermediate. V-class pumps generally function to maintain the low pH of plant vacuoles and of lysosomes and other acidic vesicles In animal cells by pumping protons from the cytosolic to the exoplasmic face of the membrane against a proton electrochemical gradient. F-class pumps are found In bacterial plasma membranes and In mitochondria and chloroplasts. In contrast to V pumps, they generally function to power the synthesis of ATP from ADP and Pj by movement of protons from the exoplasmic to the cytosolic face of the membrane down the proton electrochemical gradient. Because of their Importance In ATP synthesis in chloroplasts and mitochondria, F-class proton pumps, commonly called ATP synthases, are treated separately In Chapter 8. 

The membrane-bound Na, K-ATPase pump transports potassium ions into the cell, whilst simultaneously extruding sodium ions, and is driven by the simultaneous breakdown of ATP. Both ions are transported against their electrochemical concentration gradients. The energy in ATP is transformed into ion gradients for potassium and sodium, which subsequently provides the energy for the operation of secondary active potassium- and sodium-dependent cotransporters, and potassium-and sodium-selective conductance channels (Peterson 1997). 

The families of proteins that consume ATP while functioning as protein-based machines are called ATPases. Muscle contraction, just noted above, is a member of the family of linear (contractile) protein motors that also includes ATPases that walk along protein tubules and transport elements from one part of the cell to another. Another class of protein motors that uses ATP rotary and nonrotary ion pumps transports ions from one side to the other of the... 

Linear peristaltic pumps transport fluid through a flexible duct using traveling contraction waves. In a typical linear peristaltic pump, discrete translational elements rhythmically compress a straight section of flexible tube, moving fluid volumes. In contrast to rotary peristaltic pumps, linear peristaltic pumps usually do not use rollers or sliding contact elements. Because a moving boundary displaces fluid and induces the flow, linear peristaltic pumps are an example of positive-displacement pumps. 

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