Pultruded laminates

Verification of the specific technologies of the materials used for a strengthening operation should first distinguish between pultruded laminates produced in a plant and those produced on site. 

In the case of pultruded laminates produced in a plant, flie following features should 

This information should be listed in flie product technical sheets, which should also contain flie face values fliat is, a reliable estimate of the values that will be chosen by flie designer. 

Physical properties of composite Measurement unit Regulation 

Compressive strength (bars)—average and characteristic value MPa ISO 14126 1999(E) 

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To avoid a premature shear-out failure of the joint, a minimum value of the e/d-ratio is required. It should be emphasised that the minimum value of e/d depends on fibre orientation and the material system used. For near quasi-isotropic fibre patterns an e/d-ratio of 3 is sufficient (reference 5.8). For highly orthotropic laminates, such as pultruded laminates, shear-out failure may occur independently of the edge distance. 

Reinforcement for steel structures with FRP can be realized using fabrics or pultruded laminates, and, usually, high-modulus carbon fiber is used because its value of the modulus of elasticity is close to that of steel. In this case, it is necessary, however, to intervene in the coupling between the two materials with an element... 

Reinforcement of floors in brick and cement by carbon fiber pultruded laminates... 

Characteristic Cast resin Filled resin Glass-reinforced laminate Filament-wound laminate Pultruded profile... 

Three different matrix resins were used in this study a toughened vinyl ester, an untoughened vinyl ester, and an epoxy. Two different fiber layups were used designated by the letters L and P . The vinyl ester laminates were pultruded with the L lay-up while the epoxy laminate employed the P lay-up in order to prevent scaling problems in the epoxy resin system. 

Pakalapati et al [115] investigated some carbon/thermoplastic laminates. The materials were pultruded and they consisted of 50 v/o unidirectional continuous polyacrylonitrile-based carbon fibres in DuPont J-2 aromatic polyamide-based thermoplastic matrix. They were subjected to anodic and cathodic currents in sea water. Dynamic mechanical analysis was carried out in situ to measure the shear storage modulus (G ) and shear loss modulus (G") of 1.27mm diameter rod shaped samples, subjected to small amplitude torsional oscillations. The moduli were constant with time in air. 

Standard test method for mode I interlaminar fracture toughness of unidirectional fiber-reinforced polymer matrix composites Standard test method for translaminar fracture toughness of laminated and pultruded polymer matrix composite materials... 

Standard test method for translaminar fracture toughness of laminated and pultruded polymer matrix composite materials... 

Figure 4.18 Material architecture for pultruded 3 mm (a) and 6 mm (b) laminates obtained by microscopy [30]. (With permission from SAGE.)...

DMA experiments on a pultruded glass fiber-reinforced polyester laminate (sampled from DuraSpan deck) [12], with a glass-transition temperature T of... 

P(l) The effects of type, volume fraction and orientation of the reinforcement in each lamina (ply) or layer, and the thickness, stacking sequence and number of laminae or layers on the structural behaviour of the laminate or pultruded section shall be assessed. 

The Pioneer Centre, a Grade II listed structure, was converted to a residential home and it was necessary to introduce a number of staircases to connect the split levels of each unit. The concrete floor was relatively thin (152 mm) and the slabs were strengthened in flexure by bonding 1.2 mm thick pultruded Sika Carbodur laminates onto the bottom and top surfaces of the carefully cleaned concrete substrate prior to cutting the requisite openings (Figure 23.62). 

Machining of plastics is often necessary as, for example, in cutting and finishing Formica (melamine laminate) countertops or drilling structural pultruded shapes for attaching to supports, etc. While such operations are commonplace when working in metals or wood, special tools and practices are necessary when machining plastics. 

Table P.IO Properties for Pultruded Parts (Ref Harper, C.A., Laminates and Reinforced Plastic Materials and Processes , Handbook of Plastics, Elastomers, and Composites, S " ed., C.A. Harper, ed., McGraw-Hill, New York, 1996) ...

The main characteristics of a composite material are the breaking strength, the elasticity modulus, and the ultimate strain. Specifically with pultruded materials (bars and laminates), the volume firaction is an important piece of information to have that is, the volume of fibers on the total volume of product, whereas when dealing with fabrics, the values reported above are considered for dry fabrics. 

T1-T6 tests concern the physical properties of composites. T1-T4 tests can only be applied to dry fabrics, whereas T5-T6 tests can be applied for bofli types of composites (pultruded or onsite laminated). T7-T8 tests concern the mechanical properties and the bonding of the adhesive used. 

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