Pulse duty

Figures 2 and 3 illustrate the effect of pulse duty on the normalized polymer deposition rates for ethane and ethylene respectively. For a fixed value on the data in both figures are seen to fall below the diagonal representing Rp/Rp = (l+r) . The extent of deviation from the diagonal is the same for both monomers.

The combination of tool-electrode rotation, tool shape, and optimal pulse duty ratio results in this excellent result. 

Next comes the mechanical stress. Even in steady state, the temperature gradient establishes a stress in the first wall which must be kept within the usual engineering limits. With a pulsed system this stress will have to be reduced because it is the cyclic stress fatigue which will determine wall life. Quantification of this limit depends upon the choice of material, thickness and pulse duty and I do not intend to go into these details. 

Regulating mains and load fluctuations is attained by changing the pulse-duty factor triggering the transistor (VI). Transformers or optical couplers can accomplish... 

Calculate the laminar bulk flow rate in gallons/min for blood with t = 0.014poise through an aorta 4 in. long and 1 /4 in. inner diameter due to a pressure difference of 130-70 mmHg, and a pulse duty cycle of 0.10. (Ans. 3.558 gaUons/min)... 

Its operation ean be seen as analogous to a meehanieal flywheel and a one-piston engine. The L-C Alter, like the flywheel, stores energy between the power pulses of the driver. The input to the L-C Alter choke input filter) is the ehopped input voltage. The L-C Alter volt-time averages this duty-cyele modulated input voltage waveform. The L-C Altering funetion ean be approximated by... 

Pulse-jet cleaning (above) uses a controlled blast of compressed air from the primary into the secondary nozzle, which is magnified by induced air being drawn into the bag. The sudden release of air causes the bag to expand fully, throwing the dust from the outer surface. Dislodged dust falls into the collection hopper. At right, types of duty cycles... 

Using pulse plating techniques with a duty cycle of 50%, it is also possible to produce crack-free chromium deposits from a sulphate- or silicofluoride-catalysed solution with a hardness similar to deposits obtained by direct currenf . A high frequency (2 000-3 000 Hz) is required to give the hardest deposits at a current density of 40 A/dm and a temperature of 54°C. It is important to avoid conditions that will co-deposit hydrides. 

In practice, any available HMBC pulse sequence could be used to record fast-HMBC spectra.88 As HMBC are recorded without broadband heteronuclear decoupling, the duty cycle is no longer an issue with FAST-HMBC schemes, as it is using the standard SOFAST-HMQC or FAST-HMQC pulse sequences. 

What is not clock instability If, for example, you have a Buck with 100% duty cycle, you may find that under transient conditions, the switch will stay completely ON for several cycles. But that is normal. Similarly, on an IC with low-side current sensing, pulses may be omitted entirely under sudden transients. That too is normal. So don t forget to interpret the scope waveforms you see, with due regard to the part s architecture and the applied conditions, not just the topology. 

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