Pulsed duty cycle

Calculate the laminar bulk flow rate in gallons/min for blood with t = 0.014poise through an aorta 4 in. long and 1 /4 in. inner diameter due to a pressure difference of 130-70 mmHg, and a pulse duty cycle of 0.10. (Ans. 3.558 gaUons/min)... 

Pulse-jet cleaning (above) uses a controlled blast of compressed air from the primary into the secondary nozzle, which is magnified by induced air being drawn into the bag. The sudden release of air causes the bag to expand fully, throwing the dust from the outer surface. Dislodged dust falls into the collection hopper. At right, types of duty cycles... 

Using pulse plating techniques with a duty cycle of 50%, it is also possible to produce crack-free chromium deposits from a sulphate- or silicofluoride-catalysed solution with a hardness similar to deposits obtained by direct currenf . A high frequency (2 000-3 000 Hz) is required to give the hardest deposits at a current density of 40 A/dm and a temperature of 54°C. It is important to avoid conditions that will co-deposit hydrides. 

In practice, any available HMBC pulse sequence could be used to record fast-HMBC spectra.88 As HMBC are recorded without broadband heteronuclear decoupling, the duty cycle is no longer an issue with FAST-HMBC schemes, as it is using the standard SOFAST-HMQC or FAST-HMQC pulse sequences. 

What is not clock instability If, for example, you have a Buck with 100% duty cycle, you may find that under transient conditions, the switch will stay completely ON for several cycles. But that is normal. Similarly, on an IC with low-side current sensing, pulses may be omitted entirely under sudden transients. That too is normal. So don t forget to interpret the scope waveforms you see, with due regard to the part s architecture and the applied conditions, not just the topology. 

Figure 5. Pulse flow measurement of the conversion of CO over prereduced (top curves reduction in 5% CO in He at 600°C for 1 h at a flow of 100 mL/60 s.) and as received (bottom curves) La2FeMnOe. Duty cycle 30 s pulse length, 10 min interval, 18-23-s sample delay. Conditions t, decreased or increased in steps catalyst weight, 176 mg and flow, 100 mL/60 s of 5% CO and 5% OsinHe.

Sinusoidal excitation provides only one harmonic at the modulation frequency. In contrast, pulsed light provides a large number of harmonics of the excitation repetition frequency. The harmonic content, the number of harmonics and their amplitude, is determined by the pulse width and shape.(25) For example, a train of infinitely short pulses provides an infinite number of harmonics all with equal amplitude. A square wave provides only three modulation frequencies with sufficient amplitude to be usable. Equation (9.74) gives the harmonic content of a train of rectangular pulses R(t) of D duty cycle (pulse width divided by period) and RP peak value ... 

Figure 9.10. Amplitudes of analog cross-correlation Ire < uency components of a 20-nsec lifetime exponential decay and rectangular cross-correlation pulses. From top to bottom the figure shows the harmonic content of the cross-correlation signal obtained using duty cycles of 30. 0, and 2%, respectively.

In order to provide the maximum harmonic content for a given number of sampled points, the duty cycle of pulsed excitation should be roughly... 

LOAD COUNTERS The load and hold registers of the programmable counters I and 2 are loaded to produce variable duty cycle pulse trains. The values loaded to the counters are determined by Eqs. (9.103) and (9.104). 

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