Public long-term trend

This review begins with a summary of the sources of monitoring data operated primarily by public agencies. The spatial and temporal patterns of oxidant concentrations are then discussed—urban versus rural and indoor versus outdoor relationships, diurnal and seasonal patterns, and long-term trends. The chapter includes brief discussions of photochemical oxidants other than ozone and of data quality and concludes with a set of recommendations for guidelines in future monitoring of atmospheric concentrations of ozone and other photochemical oxidants. 

Historical control data can also be obtained from other laboratories such as CROs, some of which have a long history of reproductive and developmental toxicity testing and have large multispecies historical control databases that can span decades, and are therefore very useful for observing long term trends. This type of data can be especially informative when looking for occurrences of rare malformations in controls. Charles River Laboratories (www.criver.com) is one CRO that has made its historical data for reproductive and developmental toxicity publicly available. Historical control data for the CD rat and the New Zealand White rabbit is also available in the literature (8, 9, 13-15). Other laboratories may provide data upon request. 

Some possible toxicological effects such as endocrine disruption continue to be uncertain, particularly for DDT, DDE, dieldrin and dioxin exposures. The history of environmental health shows that safe levels are uncertain and vary as knowledge improves. The long-term trend is often towards lower levels as uncertainties decrease. This should be considered when accounting for the public benefits of further reducing POPs residues and wastes in the Australian environment. 

Besides a keeping-up with the Joneses element, publication of NMR spectra conformed to another, more of a long-term trend (in the sense of braudelian longue duree) displaying one s evidence, as if scientific journals had turned into courtrooms. NMR spectra, in that respect, were showcase data. They brought forward prime evidence. 

To provide long-term energy trends to the Department, President, Congress and the public, the DOE set up a statistics division called the Energy Information Administration. The federal govern-... 

The public is a part of an experimental generation, and the full effects will not be known for decades to come. The most often affected by chemical substances and pollutants are poor, illiterate, semiskilled workers and people with little or no access to basic information about chemical substances. Many people are not fully aware of the short- and long-term possible health hazards posed by chemical substances to which they are directly or indirectly exposed daily. This increased trend and the manner of exposure to a plethora of chemical substances in workplaces or other environments cannot be ignored. 

Although designs that provide adequate protection of public health and safety also protect the environment, low-level contamination limits, as specified by various nations, differ greatly, so there is no common international approach for land contamination issues. The trend in some countries is to establish limits on land contamination in time and area. Other countries may rely on clean-up and recovery actions. A related issue is consideration for long-term cleanup and recovery following an accident. These issues are addressed in TECDOC-801 through the concept of the Complementary Design Objective. 

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