Public intervention

The first of these situations consists of what is known as market failures in other words, cases in which the market does not give an efficient response public goods, externalities, information asymmetry and so on. In these cases, there is widespread consensus in the discipline that public intervention is necessary to reach an efficient solution. However, this does not mean that just any sort of intervention is justified, as there may be problems or failures in the public regulation, causing the result to be worse than if there had been no intervention. As the saying goes, in terms that are curiously relevant to the matter in hand, sometimes the remedy is worse than the disease. 

Another case warranting public intervention is when in reality the conditions for perfect competition are not fulfilled, for example, when there are situations of monopoly or oligopoly, product differentiation (monopolistic competition) or other factors preventing or restricting competition. Public intervention in this case might be in the direction of restoring or promoting this competition. 

To be watchful of the degree of dependence of medicine on the pharmaceutical industry, combining the best of public intervention and the best of market mechanisms. 

There is a strong case for public intervention in vaccine provision, particularly in view of the external benefits of vaccines. It is important that decisions by government bodies reflect both benefits and costs of the alternatives, which the lOM committee s recommendations promoted. Fortunately, although there are some disagreements about how best to quantify benefits of vaccines and of alternative medical interventions, the amount of agreement among the experts far exceeds the areas of disagreement. 

Product development public-private partnerships (p-PPPs) are collaborative organizations between non-profit and for-profit organizations. They are institutionalized with public intervention and/or funding because markets are perceived as unable to adequately connect relevant resources and capabilities between science and industry in basic research. Clearly, diseases such as malaria, tuberculosis, and others that are even less well known are rampant in developing countries but are far less of a threat in most developed countries (Wheeler and Berkley 2001 Kaplan and Laing 2004). There is, therefore, little or no economic incentive to develop pharmaceutical products for these diseases (Biel 2001 Milne, Kaitin, and Ronchi 2004 Kaplan and Laing 2004). The industry s lack of enthusiasm is also a result of distribution challenges in countries with poor infrastructures and lack of awareness about these diseases in more developed countries, liability considerations, inadequate science base, and underestimation of the disease burden. Product PPPs have been developed to address... 

Therefore, stakeholders are the key stone of current paradigm of political decision. They act as clients of this decision process, consequently the problem awareness is of critical importance for the creation of momentum for public intervention. This supports the view, for which many authors stand, that ignorance is the main threat to sustainability. 

Pearce, D. (1998) Tourism development in Paris Public intervention. Annals of Tourism Research 25 (2), 457-476. 

Personal habits, cultural practices and individual perceptions strongly influence tbe acceptance of a building and its indoor air quality. Public intervention in non-public buildings and the enforcement of strict indoor air quality regulations beyond the requirements of building codes, fire ordinances and safety rules face serious impediments. 

Marketing, in which physicians are targeted by public interventions similar to those, used to market commercially specific desired prescribing choices. 

These remarks go to the heart of the matter — the extent to which the French dye industry was mapped out by political decisions. The Societ6 de Saint-Denis, excluded from the SNMC by the Ministre du Commerce, was well aware of the extent of state favouritism towards Kuhlmann. So, the company decided to launch a double counter-attack. Alcide Poirrier and his son-in-law, Andr6 Cotelle, decided to denounce their exclusion. Cotelle first denounced the government s methods, then denounced public intervention in private business, and presented himself as a defender of liberalism. The early increase in the... 

For the 4S it has been shown that fuel never melts under hypothetically postulated conditions like ATWS and AWS (both - BDBE). Some fuel pins with maximum cladding temperature might fail in more severe AWS events. However, from the source term calculations it was found that, even if all fuel element claddings fail, the required distance for a site boundary is only 20 meters. This meets one of the most important design objectives of the 4S, which is to enhance the level of safety so as to eliminate the need for public intervention beyond the plant boundaries as a consequence of any postulated accident. 

In many cases power abuses by firms cannot be prevented by ad hoc regulation policies (when these latter induce excessive distortions of private incentives). In such circumstances, the hope for a better world eventually resides in corporate social responsibility, and public intervention in the socio cultural sphere can turn out to be much more effective than intervention in the economic sphere. 

An adequate social protection system is an important element of any comprehensive strategy to reduce poverty and vulnerability. Social protection systems include the set of public interventions aimed at supporting the poorer and more vulnerable members of society, as well as helping individuals, families and communities to improve their risk administration (Holzmann and Jorgensen 2001). This set of interventions includes social insurance, labor market policies, social funds, social services, and safety net (social assistance) programs. 

Social risk management. A framework that can be used to analyze the sources of vulnerability, how society manages risks, and the relative costs and benefits of various public interventions on household welfare. Risk management strategies include prevention, mitigation, and coping and may use government, for profit, or private informal mechanisms. 

ABSTRACT Analysis of accident reports has been a useful tool in occupational safety research. Important variables related to main circumstances of accidents are being gathered in Europe according to European Statistics on Accidents at Work framework (ESAW). This paper present a method for the identification of possible public safety programs based on the application of Multiple Correspondence Analyses (MCA) and the introduction of the concepts of task and accident mechanism. The method is presented using the accidents notified in the manufacturing sector of Andalusia. This method can help policy makers in the identification of areas of public intervention. 

The method presented allowed an easy identification of the main associations candidates for public intervention programs. Each of them can be object of further detailed research before designing the intervention program. 

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