Hull removal

A metric ton of soybeans yields 181 kg of cmde oil, 794 kg of 44% protein meal (hulls present), or 722 kg of 48% protein meal (hulls removed) plus 72 kg of hulls. Shrinkage is 25 kg. 

After hull removal, the cracked cotyledons were milled and air-classified at Alpine American Corporation pilot facilities Natick, MA. The cracked cotyledons were finely ground in a Model 250 CW... 

Whole oats, called groats, consist of the bran, germ, and endosperm of the whole grain with the outer hull removed. Whole oats are softer than wheat grains and can be crushed at home. They are available in specialty food stores. 

The moisture of oleaginous materials often needs to be reduced to minimize degradation in storage and to enhance the effectiveness of downstream unit operations. For example, soybeans are often received at 13% moisture and need to be dried to 10% moisture to facilitate hull removal. 

Most oleaginous materials require size reduction prior to further processing. Exceptions are canola, rapeseed, and corn germ, which are already sufficiently small in size. For most oleaginous materials, they need to be broken into pieces 2 to 3 mm across to enhance the downstream unit processes of hull removal, heating/drying, and flaking. 

Additionally, seed hull removal provides about a 40% reduction in cooking time which, for peas, involves seed steaming at 90 °C, followed by drying and subsequent dehulling. 

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