Protein adjuvant

Vaccine candidates are based on the two viral surface proteins, gD and gB (80). Recombinant methods are used to express the proteins, either in Chinese hamster ovary (CHO) cells or in baculovims. The proteins are purified as subunits and formulated with different adjuvants. Clinical trials with these vaccine candidates have been performed, but the results to date have not been encouraging. 

The nasal tissue is highly vascularized and provides efficient systemic absorption. Compared with oral or subcutaneous administration, nasal administration enhances bioavailability and improves safety and efficacy. Chitosan enhances the absorption of proteins and peptide drugs across nasal and intestinal epithelia. Gogev et al. demonstrated that the soluble formulation of glycol chitosan has potential usefulness as an intranasal adjuvant for recombinant viral vector vaccines in cattle [276]. 

Grandia, A.A., Devisser, H., Vanembden, J.D.A., Vanderzee, R., Vanderberg, W.B., Hazenberg, M.P. (1991). Natural antibodies to 65 kD mycobacterial heat shock protein in rats do not correlate with susceptibility for mycobacterium-tuberculosis induced adjuvant arthritis. Immunobiology 182, 127-134. 

Jiskoot, W., Teerlink, T., Van Hoof, M. M. M., Bartels, K., Kanhai, V., CrommeUn, D. J. A., and Beuvery, E. C. (1986b). Immunogenic activity of gonococcal protein I in mice with three different lipoidal adjuvants delivered in liposomes and in complexes, Inf. Immun.. 54. 333-338. 

Sergejeva S, Ivanov S, Lotvall J, Linden A Interleukin-17 as a recruitment and survival factor for airway macrophages in allergic airway inflammation. Am J Respir Cell Mol Biol 2005 33 248-253. 96 Bush KA, Farmer KM, Walker JS, Kirkham BW Reduction of joint inflammation and bone erosion in rat adjuvant arthritis by treatment with interleukin-17 receptor IgGl Fc fusion protein. Arthritis Rheum 2002 46 802-805. 

Polyclonal Antibodies against FORL r purified polygalacturonase were raised in white rabbits. For the first immunization 200 jxg of purified protein in 300 jxl of distilled water was mixed with 200 1 of PBS and 500 n of complete Freund s adjuvcmt and injected intramusculary into the leg. Two subsequent intramuscular injections, each containing 300 fig of protein in 1 ml of incomplete Freund s adjuvant were given at 1 month intervals. Finally, the rabbit was bled 1 week later. The antisera, separated from blood by incubation at 37 "C, were stored in 1 ml fractions at -20 C. 

An NIH Consensus Development Conference Statement22 advises that adjuvant hormonal therapy should be recommended to women whose tumors contain hormone-receptor protein regardless of age, menopausal status, involvement of axillary lymph nodes, or tumor size. They also support a benefit of adjuvant chemotherapy for most women with lymph node metastases or with primary breast cancers larger than 1 cm in diameter (both node-negative and node-positive).22... 

Salomon I, Netzer N, Wildbaum G, Schif-Zuck S, Maor G, Karin N. Targeting the function of IFN-gamma-inducible protein 10 suppresses ongoing adjuvant arthritis. J Immunol 2002 169(5) 2685-2693. 

Halloran MM, Woods JM, Stricter RM, et al. The role of an epithelial neutrophilactivating peptide-78-like protein in rat adjuvant-induced arthritis. J Immunol 1999 162(12) 7492-7500. 

Keyword Adjuvant Biodegradable nanoparticles Poly(y-glutamic acid) Protein delivery Vaccine... 

A corollary to the use of cBSA as a carrier protein is that its increased immune response often abrogates the use of complete Freund s adjuvant, which is a source of concern because of its potential side-effects in animals. A relatively innocuous mixture with alum is usually all that is required as adjuvant to result in good antibody production. 

CPMV particles that contained a 17-mer neutralizing epitope, 3L17, from the VP2 capsid of Mink enteritis vims (MEV) fused to the S protein were generated. When mixed with adjuvant, these particles protected all the test animals from clinical disease when challenged with vimlent MEV. A modified constmct, which presented the... 

The principal method by which aluminium adjuvanted vaccines are prepared entails mixing the antigen in solution with a preformed aluminium phosphate (or hydroxide) precipitate under chemically defined conditions (e.g. of pH). Adsorption of the antigen to the aluminium-based gel ensues, with such preparations being generally termed aluminium-adsorbed vaccines 1 mg of aluminium hydroxide will usually adsorb in the order of 50-200 pg of protein. 

The adjuvanticity of liposomes depends upon their composition, number of layers and charge characteristics. They act as effective adjuvants for both protein- and carbohydrate-based antigens and help stimulate both B- and T-cell responses. Their likely mode of action includes depot formation, but they also possibly increase/enhance antigen presentation to macrophages. The exact molecular mechanism(s) by which they stimulate a T-cell response remains to be elucidated,... 

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