Proteases processes

These serine proteases process the capsid s scaffolding, comprised of roughly 103 assembly protein (AP) molecules. (Adapted from Pray et al., 2002)... 

L.Wallerstein 1937 Proteases Process of chill-proofing and stabilizing beers and ales... 

Liaset, B., Nortvedt, R., Lied, E., and Espe, M. 2002. Studies on the nitrogen recovery in enzymic hydrolysis of Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar, L.) frames by Protamex protease. Process Biochem., 37,1263-1269. 

Graham, L. A., and Trumpower, B. L., 1991, Mutational analysis of the mitochondrial Rieske iron-sulfur protein of saccharomyces cerevisiae. 111. Import, protease processing, and assembly into the cytochrome fccj complex of iron-sulfur protein lacking the iron-sulfur cluster, J. Biol. Chem. 266 22485n22492. 

A combination of criteria should be used to identify inteins, since one must differentiate true inteins from in-frame insertions present because of sequence variability or other types of insertion elements. Experimentally, an intein may be indicated when the observed size of the protein is smaller than the predicted size of the gene product and a second protein is also produced since there may be other explanations, such as aberrant electrophoretic mobility or protease processing, the gene should be examined for the presence of intein motifs. Most putative inteins have been identified by sequence comparison, rather than experimentally. "" A large (> 100 aa) in-frame insertion in a sequenced gene that is absent in other... 

HIV protease processes proteins during the life cycle of the AIDS virus. 

Cinnamyl derivatives of thieno[2,3-c7]oxazinones 72 (Figme 5) inhibits herpes protease processing in HSV-2 infected cells. The synthesis and pharmacology of... 

A viral infection begins when an enzyme in the protein coat of the virus makes a hole in the host cell, allowing the viral nucleic acids to enter and mix with the materials in the host cell (see Figure 17.17). If the virus contains DNA, the host cell begins to replicate the viral DNA in the same way it would replicate normal DNA. Viral DNA produces viral RNA, and a protease processes proteins to produce a protein coat to form a viral particle that leaves the cell. The cell synthesizes so many virus particles that it eventually releases new viruses to infect more cells. 

There are, indeed, many biological implications that have been triggered by the advent of fullerenes. They range from potential inhibition of HIV-1 protease, synthesis of dmgs for photodynamic therapy and free radical scavenging (antioxidants), to participation in photo-induced DNA scission processes [156, 157, 158, 159, 160, 161, 162 and 163]. These examples unequivocally demonstrate the particular importance of water-soluble fullerenes and are summarized in a few excellent reviews [141, 1751. 

Plasteins ate formed from soy protein hydrolysates with a variety of microbial proteases (149). Preferred conditions for hydrolysis and synthesis ate obtained with an enzyme-to-substrate ratio of 1 100, and a temperature of 37°C for 24—72 h. A substrate concentration of 30 wt %, 80% hydrolyzed, gives an 80% net yield of plastein from the synthesis reaction. However, these results ate based on a 1% protein solution used in the hydrolysis step this would be too low for an economical process (see Microbial transformations). 

Bacillus sp. These bacteria are gram-positive soil microbes. Members of the Bacillus species supply 58% of iadustrial enzymes sold (19). Eor example, proteases from B. amjloliquefaciens and amylases from B. licheniformis glucose isomerase from B. coagulans are used ia a variety of iadustrial processes (see Enzyme applications-industrial). The proteiaaceous iaclusioas produced by B. thuringiensis are useful as iasect toxias. Thus exteasive fermentation technology has been developed for Bacillus species and low cost media are available (19). 

Bulk Enzymes. Enzymes such as proteases, amylases, glucose isomerases, and rennin are used in food processing. Similarly proteases and Hpases are used in detergents. CeUulases and xylanases are used in the paper pulp industry. The genes for most of the enzymes used in the various commercial processes have been cloned and overexpressed. Rennin (chymosin) produced from E. coli and A. nigerhas been approved by FDA for use in the dairy industry. 

Bacterial a-amylases used in laundry detergents are fully compatible with detergent proteases, ie, the two enzymes work together in the wash process. During storage in both powder and Hquid detergents, the amylases are very stable in the presence of proteases. 

Prior to the bating process, the hides are delimed with ammonium sulfate and/or ammonium chloride. Proteases are then appUed. The early preparation proposed by Rn hm was pancreatic trypsin. The use of a bating enzyme makes the hides soft and supple to prepare them for tanning. A new microbial protease, Pyrase 250 MP (82) (Novo Nordisk A/S) has been found to be a promising substitute for pancreatic trypsin [9002-07-7] which is more expensive because it must be extracted from pancreatic glands. 

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