Prostaglandin F synthases

Koda N, Tsutsui Y, Niwa H, Ito S, Woodward DF, Watanabe K (2004) Synthesis of prostaglandin F ethanolamide by prostaglandin F synthase and identification of Bimatoprost as a potent inhibitor of the enzyme new enzyme assay method using LC/ESI/MS. Arch Biochem Biophys 424 128-136... 

N.A., Ziecik, A.J. 2006. Molecular cloning and spatiotemporal expression of prostaglandin F synthase and microsomal prostaglandin E synthase-1 in porcine endometrium. Endocrinology 147 210-221. 

Lacroix Pepin, N., P. Chapdelaine et al. 2013. Evaluation of the prostaglandin F synthase activity of human and bovine aldo-keto reductases AKRlAls complement AKRlBls as potent PGF synthases. Pjjjj J lMidins Otherl idMe 106 124—132. 

Suzuki-Yamamoto, T., M. Nishizawa et al. 1999. cDNA cloning, expression and characterization of human prostaglandin F synthase. 462(3) 335-340. 

Watanabe, K (2002) Prostaglandin F synthase. Prostaglandins Other Lipid Mediat, 69,401— 407. 

Prostaglandin E synthase (also called prosta-glandin-Hj E-isomerase), which requires glutathione, also acts on PGGj albeit more slowly. Prostaglandin Fj may also be synthesized by the action of prostaglandin F synthase on PGDj or by... 

F.a.b.-m.s. has contributed to a detailed analysis of the high-mannose carbohydrate chains of prostaglandin endoperoxide synthase from sheep. Oligosaccharides released by hydrazinolysis were analyzed after N-re-acetylation and reduction. The f.a.b. data defined the compositions of the oligosaccharides, and showed that hydrazinolysis had effected a partial fission of the chitobiose core. 

Degen GH, Schlattjan JH, Mahler S, Follmann F, and Golka K (2004) Gomparative metabolic activation of benzidine and N-acetylbenzidine by prostaglandin H synthase. Toxicology Letters 151 135-142. 

Yoshimatsu K, Altorki NK, Golijanin D, Zhang F, Jakobsson PJ, Dannenberg AJ, Subbar-amaiah K. Inducible prostaglandin E synthase is overexpressed in non-small cell lung cancer. Clin Cancer Res. 7 (2001) 2669-2674. 

Matsui, E., Y. Naruta, F. Tani, and Y. Shimazaki (2003). An active-site model of prostaglandin H synthase An iron twin-coronet porphyrin with an aryloxyl radical overhang and its catalytic oxygenation of 1,4-diene. Angew. Chem. Int. Edit. 42, 2744-2747. 

Lassmann, G., Odenwaller, R., Curtis, J. F., Degray, J. A., Mason, R. P., Marnett, L. J., and Eling, T. E. (1991). Electron spin resonance investigation of tyrosyl radicals of prostaglandin-H synthase—Relation to enzyme catalysis. J. Biol. Chem. 266, 20045-20055. 

Hajjar, D. P., Lander, H. M., Pearce, S. F. A., Upmacis, R. K., and Pomerantz, K. B. (1995). Nitric oxide enhances prostaglandin-H synthase-1 activity by a heme-independent mechanism Evidence implicating nitrosothiols. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 117, 3340-3346. 

Mueller DK, Kopp SA, Marks F, Seibert K, Fuerstenberger G. Localization of prostaglandin H synthase isoenzymes in murine epidermal tumors suppression of skin tumor promotion by inhibition of prostagalndin H synthase-2. Mol Carcinog 1998 23 36-44. 

Murakami, M, Naraba, H, Tanioka, T, Semmyo, N, Nakatani, Y, Kojima, F, Ikeda, T, Fueki, M, Ueno, A, Oh, S and Kudo, I (2000) Regulation of prostaglandin E2 biosynthesis by inducible membrane-associated prostaglandin E2 synthase that acts in concert with cyclooxygenase-2. J Biol Chem, 275, 32783-32792. 

Cipollone F, Prontera C, Pini B, et al. Overexpression of functionally coupled cyclooxygenase-2 and prostaglandin E synthase in symptomatic atherosclerotic plaques as a basis of prostaglandin E(2)-dependent plaque instability. Circulation 2001 104 921-927. 

Herrmann F, Lindemann A, Gauss J, Mertelsmann R (1990) Cytokine-stimulation of prostaglandin synthesis from endogenous and exogenous arachidonic acids in polymorphonuclear leukocytes involving activation and new synthesis of cyclooxygenase. Eur J Immunol 20 2513-2516 Herschman HR (1996) Prostaglandin synthase 2. Biochim Bio-phys Acta 1299 125-140... 

PG synthesis involves four steps (Figme 2). The first two steps are common to all cells involved in prostaglandin synthesis while the final two steps are cell-specific (14-16). Release of the substrate, arachidonic acid, from membrane phospholipid stores by phospholipase is the initial event in prostaglandin synthesis, and this is followed by formation of the common PG intermediate, PGHj catalyzed by PGH synthase. At this point, rearrangement of PGH to form either stabk (PGD / Ej/ F, ) or unstable (platelet thromboxane - TxA, endothelial prostacyclin - PGy products takes place. The final step, also cell-specific, involves breakdown of the active compounds to irractive metabolites. 

Botella A, Vabre F, Fioramonti J et al 1993 In vivo inhibitory effect of lanreotide (BIM 23014), a new somatostatin analog, on prostaglandin- and cholera toxin-stimulated intestinal fluid in the rat. Peptides 14 297-301 Brzozowski T, Konturek S J, Sliwowski Z et al 1997 Role of L-arginine, a substrate for NO-synthase, in gastroprotection and ulcer healing. Journal of Gastroenterology 32 442-452... 

Kara, S., A. Miyata, C. Yokoyama, R. Brugger, F. Lottspeich, V. Ullrich et al. (1995). Molecular cloning and expression of prostacyclin synthase from endothelial cells. Adv. Prostaglandin Thromboxane Leukot. Res. 23, 121-123. 

Carey, F. and Haworth, D. (1986) Thromboxane synthase inhibition implications of prostaglandin endoperoxide metabolism. Prostaglandins, 31, 47-59... 

Use of multi-enzyme systems Combining two or more purified enzymes in the same pot can facilitate the preparation of more stmcturally complex molecules. One example of this is the bi-enzymatic system of PG-synthase and PGH-converting enzyme isolated from various mammalian tissues. This mixture was used to converted various tritium-labeled polyunsaturated fatty acids to prostaglandins D, E and F and thromboxane B at high specific activities and yields of 20-80%. ... 

Fig. 4.2 Pro-inflammatory and tumor-promoting agents stimulate the activation of both inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS) and COX-2. iNOS produces NO that enhances both activity and expression (via a transductional and transcriptional legnlation) of COX-2, which leads to the prodnction of large amonnts of tnmor-promoting prostaglandin E2 (PGE2). AP-1, activator protein-1 JNK, Jnn N-terminal kinase MAPK, mitogen-activated protein kinase NF-kB, nnclear factor kB PKC, protein kinase C TCF-LEF, T-ceU factor-lymphocyte enhancing factor. + denotes stimnlation and f denotes increase...

Mei, J.M., Hord, N.G., Winterstein, D.F., Donald, S.P., and Phang, J.M. ((2000)). Expression of prostaglandin endoperoxide H synthase-2 induced by nitric oxide in conditionally immortalized murine colonic epithelial cells. FASEB J. 14, 1188-1201. 

---