Prostaglandins thromboxanes

C. R. P2Lce-Ascx2lk, Advances in Prostaglandins, Thromboxane andEeukotriene Research, Vol. 18, Raven Press, New York, 1989. 

B. Samuelsson and R. Paoletti, eds. Fidvances in Prostaglandin, Thromboxane andFeukotriene Kesearch, Vol. 9, Raven Press, New York, 1982. 

Eicosanoid (Section 27.4) A lipid derived biologically from 5,8.11,14-eicosatetraenoic acid, or arachidonic acid. Prostaglandins, thromboxanes and leukotrienes are examples. 

These GC conditions are suitable for analyzing many prostaglandins, thromboxanes, leuko-trienes, and other metabolites of arachidonic acid, such as the hydroxyeicosatetraenoic (HETE) acids. However, the 5-, 12-, and 15-HETE isomers are difficult to separate using GC methods. Sometimes the methyl ester-TMS derivatives provide a better GC separation, or for ketoprostaglandins, the MO-methyl ester-TMS derivatives often give a better separation... 

Eicosanoids are formed from 20-carbon polyunsaturated fatty acids and make up an important group of physiologically and pharmacologically active compounds known as prostaglandins, thromboxanes, leukotrienes, and lipoxins. 

Rats fed a purified nonlipid diet containing vitamins A and D exhibit a reduced growth rate and reproductive deficiency which may be cured by the addition of linoleic, a-linolenic, and arachidonic acids to the diet. These fatty acids are found in high concentrations in vegetable oils (Table 14-2) and in small amounts in animal carcasses. These essential fatty acids are required for prostaglandin, thromboxane, leukotriene, and lipoxin formation (see below), and they also have various other functions which are less well defined. Essential fatty acids are found in the stmctural lipids of the cell, often in the 2 position of phospholipids, and are concerned with the structural integrity of the mitochondrial membrane. 

Amino acid receptors Monoamine receptors Lipid receptors Purine receptors Neuropeptide receptors Peptide hormone receptors Chemokine receptors Glycoprotein receptors Protease receptors Metabotropic glutamate and GABAb receptors Adrenoceptors, dopamine and 5-HT receptors, muscarinic and histamine receptors Prostaglandin, thromboxane and PAF receptors Adenosine and ATP (P2Y) receptors Neuropeptide Y, opiate, cholecystokinin VIP, etc. Angiotensin, bradykinin, glucagon, calcitonin, parathyroid, etc. Interleukin-8 TSH, LH/FSH, chorionic gonadotropin, etc. Thrombin... 

Wolfe, CS (1982) Eicosanoids prostaglandins, thromboxanes, leukotrienes and other derivatives of carbon-20 unsaturated fatty acids. J. Neurochem. 38 1-9. 

Foegh, M.L. and Ramwell, P.W., The eicosanoids prostaglandins, thromboxanes, leukotrienes and related compounds, in Basic and Clinical Pharmacology, 8th ed., Katzung, B.G., Ed., Lange Medical Books/McGraw-Hill, New York, 2001, chap. 18. 

Brash AR, Baertschi SW, Ingram CD, Harris TM (1989) Adv Prostaglandin Thromboxane Leukotriene Res 19 70... 

Di Marzo V, Cimino G, Sodano G, Spinella A, Villani G (1990) Adv Prostaglandin Thromboxane Leukotriene Res 21 129... 

J. E. Pike and D. R. Morton Jr., Advances in Prostaglandin, Thromboxane and Leukotriene Research, Raven Press, New York, 1985. 

Neutrophils are also a source of mediators (PAFs, prostaglandins, thromboxanes, and leukotrienes) that contribute to BHR and airway inflammation. 

Bourgain RH, Andries R, Braquet P. (1987). Effect of ginkgolide PAF-acether antagonists on arterial thrombosis. Adv Prostaglandin, Thromboxane, Leukotriene Res. 17B 815-17. 

The omega (<0) numbering system is also used for unsaturated fatty acids. The co-family describes the position of the last double bond relative to the end of the chain. The omega designation identifies the major precursor fatty add, e.g., arachidonic add is formed from linoleic acid (co-6 family). Arachidonic acid is itself an important precursor for prostaglandins, thromboxanes, and leukotrienes. 

Samuelsson B, Hoshiko S, Radmark O. (1991) Characterization of the promoter of the human 5-lipoxygenase gene. Adv Prostaglandin Thromboxane Leukot Res. 21A, 1-8. 

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