Proportional relations

In the first approach, a vapor cloud s potential explosive power is proportionally related to the total quantity of fuel present in the cloud, whether or not it is within flammable limits. This approach is the basis of conventional TNT-equivalency methods, in which the explosive power of a vapor cloud is expressed as an energetically equivalent charge of TNT located in the cloud s center. The value of the proportionality factor, that is, TNT equivalency, is deduced from damage patterns observed in a large number of vapor cloud explosion incidents. Consequently, vapor cloud explosion-blast hazard assessment on the basis of TNT equivalency may have limited utility. 

Therefore we studied this reaction at various hydrogen pressures, using IR and UV spectroscopy /37/, and found that the rate of the H9Fe(C0) formation increased with the hydrogen pressure, but that the rate of hydrogenation decreased with pressure. This inversely proportional relation proved that H FeCCO) cannot be the active hydrogenation catalyst, and that a mechanism via Krusic s radical is more likely. 

Fignre 3.12 shows the operational scheme of a photoconduction detector. The incident light creates an electrical current and this is measured by a voltage signal, which is proportional to the light intensity. This proportional relation is provided by the fact that, in most photoconduction detectors, the density of carriers in the steady state is proportional to the number of absorbed photons per unit of time that is, proportional to the incident power. 

The direct proportional relation between the measured signal and the concentration of the sample has to be proven. 

The highest proportions related to cocaine abuse over the first two quarters of 2006 (excluding alcohol) were reported for people in treatment in Port Elisabeth (36%) and in East London (28%), followed by Gauteng (21%). Cape Town was the first city to develop a cocaine epidemic in South Africa in the 1990s. In this city, however, methamphetamine has largely replaced cocaine as the drug of choice in recent years so that cocaine now accounts for 9 per cent of treatment demand. Data for the third and fourth quarters of 2006 show that the overall upward trend for cocaine continued. 

Scratch methods are useful above all in the determination of the conventional hardness number which is linked to a specified, standardized scratch width. This follows from the absence of a directly proportional relation, as one would expect, between scratch width and square root of load, observable in the case of some materials. When such materials are tested, the scratch width increases at a slower pace than does the square root of the load. Since the relation varies with load, the scratch-width variation curves for various materials may intersect, thus making it impossible to arrange them by scratch-determined hardness. The order in which they are ranked may vary according to applied load. 

In addition we confirm that the raw discriminant coefficients from STATISTICA [1995] eT = ( 0.1732 1.157) and the regression coefficients bi and b2 are, indeed, proportionally related. 

Differences between reproductive and non-reproductive individuals can be qualitative, quantitative or both. Two types of quantitative differences exist. Proportional differences refer to compounds that differ in their concentration relative to another compound in the profile. We can also have quantitative differences that relate to the total composition of the profile. Profiles can potentially differ in concentration even though the proportional relations of the individual compounds within the profile are the same. In the case of cuticular hydrocarbons we run into a problem with the latter comparison. Since long-chain hydrocarbons form a solid layer on the cuticle, concentration differences largely indicate a difference in the thickness of the layer. It is not clear whether insects are capable of differentiating between layers of different thickness and how they would perceive this, since the exposure and thus perception of the cuticular hydrocarbons are independent of layer thickness. Therefore, I refer only to proportional differences in this review. 

An experimental test to verify the absence of significant concentration gradients inside the catalyst pellet is based on the inverse proportional relation between the effectiveness factor and the pellet diameter for strong internal diffusion limitations. Hence, a measured rate which is independent of the pellet size indicates that internal diffusion limitations can be neglected. Care should be taken to avoid artifacts. External heat transfer effects also depend on pellet size and for exothermic reactions might compensate the internal diffusion limitations. If the catalyst pellet consists of a support with an non-uniformly distributed active phase, crushing and sieving to obtain smaller pellets is hazardous. 

The fact that the thermal conductivity in a pure metal is dominated by the free electron contribution was Ulustrated in 1853 by Gustav Wiedemann (1826-1899) and Rudolf Franz (1827-1902), who showed that Xei and the electrical conductivity, (Tei, are proportionally related (Wiedemann and Franz, 1853). A few years later Danish physicist Ludvig Lorenz (1829-1891) realized that this ratio scaled hnearly with the... 

The shear storage modulus of the network is proportionally related to the force constant K. Thus, G is also related to the particle volume fraction via the fractal dimension D) of the network. 

An incommensurate superstructure is a superstructure derived from a basic structure without a proportional relation of dimensions to the basic unit cell. This type of superstructure is often found in mixed oxides. A good example is Bi203-based solid solutions. 

The frequency needed for resonance and the applied magnetic field strength are proportionally related ... 

The proportionality constant typically is close to unity [Seibert and Fair, Ind. Eng. Chem. Res., 27(3), pp. 470-481 (1988)]. Note that Eq. (15-42) indicates the maximum stable drop diameter and not the Sauter mean diameter (although the two are proportionally related and may be close in value). Smaller drops may be formed at the distributor due to jetting of the inlet liquid through the distributor holes or by mechanical pulsation of the liquid inside the distributor [Koch and Vogelpohl, Chem. Eng. Technol., 24(12), pp. 1245-1248 (2001)]. In static extractors, hydrodynamic stresses within the main body of the... 

The RBC is either in the upper half of or above the reference interval in thalassemias but within the reference interval in most hemoglobinopathies without a coinherited thalassemia. In contrast the RBC is low in iron deficiency anemias and anemia of chronic disease and is proportionally related to the decrease in Hb concentration. The red cell distribution width (ROW), a measure of the variation in the size of the RBC (anisocytosis), tends to be above the reference interval in iron deficiency anemias and other microcytic anemias. The RDW in thalassemias is usually within the reference interval, reflecting the rmiformity of the red cell size. However, in Hb H disease and 5P-thalassemia the RDW is moderately increased. 

After 2 days, cell aggregates are formed upon anti-CD3 activation and are easily visible under optical microscope. Potential effects of inhibitors on PBMC proliferation can already be noticed at this stage, as the size of the cell aggregates is proportionally related to cell proliferation. 

The proportional relation between the adsorbed and unadsorbed concentrations can be converted to an equation by introducing a constant, k, and takes the familiar form ... 

It is common knowledge that there exists an inversely proportional relation between the polarizing resistance of the electrode system and corrosion rate, which significantly increases Rp upon contact with the electrolyte [119]. 

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