Liquid inlets

For prehminary screening and easibility studies or for rough cost estimates, one may wish to employ a version of the isothermal method which assumes that the liquid temperatures in the tower are everywhere equal to the inlet-liquid temperature. In their analysis of packed-tower designs, von Stockar and Wilke [Ind. Eng. Chem. Fun-dam. 16, 89 (1977)] showed that the isothermal method tended to underestimate the reqmred depth of packing by a factor of as much as 1.5 to 2. Thus, for rough estimates one may wish to employ the assumption that the temperature is equal to the inlet-liquid temperature and then apply a design fac tor to the result. 

Inlet liquid loading is greater than 20 wt % based on gas flow rate. 

Inlet Line. Unstable circulation can result if the inlet line to a vertical theimosyphon reboiler is too large. The tubes of a vertical thermosyphon reboiler fire individually. The tubes can backfire excessively if the liquid inlet line is too large. They don t have to backfire all the way into the tower to cause problems, just to the inlet tubesheet. It is common to put flanges in the inlet liquid line so an orifice can be added later, if required, to provide proper dampening effect. 

Calculate the composition of the inlet liquid falling from Tray 1. Since the composition of the bottom liquid and gas in equilibrium... 

The tower operates in the same manner as a condensate stabilizer with reflux. The inlet liquid stream is heated by exchange with the gas to approximately 30 F and is injected in the tower at about the point in the tower where the temperature is 30 F. By adjusting the pressure, number of trays, and the amount of reboiler duty, the composition of the bottoms liquid can be determined. 

The test for critical or non-critical does not apply. These equations apply to single-phase (at inlet) liquids, non-flashing to vapor on venting, fluid viscosity is less than or equal to water [69]. 

Area between downcomer and inlet weir for up-flow of inlet liquid. All trays included access manway. 

Tests have indicated that the hydraulic gradient is negligible or very small for most tray designs. Ustial design practice is to omit its effect unle.ss the alue o( A is expected to be greater than 0.75 in. If hydraulic gradient is appreciable, then tbe holes nearer to the tray inlet (liquid) will tend to weep before those nearer the tiay outlet. 

Figure 9-8F. Typical design inlet liquid distributor using holes (orifices) on underside of distribution pipes. Note Number of side pipes adjusted to provide uniform entry per square foot of tower cross-section area. Holes at wall should be spaced on same basis.

For constant temperature absorption, with no solute in the inlet liquid, xg = 0, and the abscissa becomes yi/yg-... 

Calculate mean specific gravity in tube as average of inlet liquid and outlet vapor-liquid mixture. 

Pipe Size, In. Inlet Liquid Ontiet Vapor... 

In equation 8.26, it is implicitly assumed that the kinetic head of the inlet liquid is available for conversion into pressure head. If this is not so, u /2g must be deducted from the NPSH. 

Fig. 8.7a-c The effect of inlet liquid temperature, gap size and wall heat flux from the wall on the pressure in inlet cross-section pressure of the micro-channel. Reprinted from Peles et al. (2000) with permission... 

Fig. 8.9a-c The dependencies of vapor temperature, pressure and velocity in the outlet cross-section of the capillary on the inlet liquid temperature (a) the dependence of Ar(r ), (b) the... 

Make a preliminary mechanical design for the vertical thermosyphon reboiler for which the thermal design was done as Example 12.9 in Chapter 12. The inlet liquid nozzle and the steam connections will be 50 mm inside diameter. Flat plate end closures will be used on both headers. The reboiler will be hung from four bracket supports, positioned 0.5 m down from the top tube plate. The shell and tubes will be of semi-killed carbon steel. 

B. If the inlet liquid flowrate remains constant, prove that the open-loop transfer function for the response of y2 to a change in inlet gas composition is given by ... 

Discuss the problems involved in determining the relationship between and changes in inlet liquid flowrate. 

E.3.3.1 An overspeed trip should be considered when the HPRT and other equipment in the train cannot tolerate the calculated overspeed (runaway speed). It is important to realize that overspeed with inlet liquids rich in absorbed gas or with liquids that partially flash as they flow through the HPRT can be several times higher than overspeed with water. With such liquids, the overspeed cannot be accurately determined. 

Mass spectrometry is a sensitive analytical technique which is able to quantify known analytes and to identify unknown molecules at the picomoles or femto-moles level. A fundamental requirement is that atoms or molecules are ionized and analyzed as gas phase ions which are characterized by their mass (m) and charge (z). A mass spectrometer is an instrument which measures precisely the abundance of molecules which have been converted to ions. In a mass spectrum m/z is used as the dimensionless quantity that is an independent variable. There is still some ambiguity how the x-axis of the mass spectrum should be defined. Mass to charge ratio should not lo longer be used because the quantity measured is not the quotient of the ion s mass to its electric charge. Also, the use of the Thomson unit (Th) is considered obsolete [15, 16]. Typically, a mass spectrometer is formed by the following components (i) a sample introduction device (direct probe inlet, liquid interface), (ii) a source to produce ions, (iii) one or several mass analyzers, (iv) a detector to measure the abundance of ions, (v) a computerized system for data treatment (Fig. 1.1). 

In this paper, an instrument is described in which the inlet liquid flow rate is held constant and the pressure regulated by a pneumatically actuated flow control valve at the exit of the column. This approach permits the use of a wide-range pressure program with a controlled flow. Also, by selecting mobile phases that are liquids at ambient laboratory conditions, several types of conventional liquid chromatographic detectors may be utilized. 

Many reviews and several books [61,62] have appeared on the theoretical and experimental aspects of the continuous, stirred tank reactor - the so-called chemostat. Properties of the chemostat are not discussed here. The concentrations of the reagents and products can not be calculated by the algebraic equations obtained for steady-state conditions, when ji = D (the left-hand sides of Eqs. 27-29 are equal to zero), because of the double-substrate-limitation model (Eq. 26) used. These values were obtained from the time course of the concentrations obtained by simulation of the fermentation. It was assumed that the dispersed organic phase remains in the reactor and the dispersed phase holdup does not change during the process. The inlet liquid phase does not contain either organic phase or biomass. 

Amount of foam formed depends on pressure drop to which inlet liquid is subjected, as well as characteristics of the liquid at separator conditions. Because foam comparators operate at atmospheric pressure, they cannot lake this into account. 

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