Vitamin prophylaxis

Codeine, dextromethorphan and pholcodine are opioid cough suppressants indicated for dry cough. Sedating antihistamines, such as diphenhydramine, tend to have an antitussive action as well. Vitamin C is not used in the management of cough but may be used as a prophylaxis against colds. 

Donchenko GV, Viktorov AP, Kurchenko OV Eds. (2008) Rational Vitamin Prophylaxis and Vitamin Therapy, pp. 408, Kiev, Ukraine. 

Parenteral Anticoagulant-induced prothrombin deficiency hypoprothrombinemia secondary to conditions limiting absorption or synthesis of vitamin K (eg, obstructive jaundice, biliary fistula, sprue, ulcerative colitis, celiac disease, intestinal resection, cystic fibrosis of the pancreas, regional enteritis) drug-induced hypoprothrombinemias due to interference with vitamin K metabolism (eg, antibiotics, salicylates) prophylaxis and therapy of hemorrhagic disease of the newborn. 

Pyridoxine [Vitamin B ] [Vitamin B Supplement] U e Rx prevention of vit B6 deficiency Action Vit supl Dose Adults. Deficiency 10-20 mg/d PO Drug-induced neuritis 100-200 mg/d 25-100 mg/d prophylaxis Peds. 5-25 mg/d x 3 wk Caution [A (C if doses exceed RDA), +] Contra Component aUCTgy Disp Tabs 25, 50, 100 mg inj 100 mg/mL SE Allergic Rxns, HA, N Interactions -1- Effects OF levodopa, phenobarbital, phenytoin EMS Can be used as an antidote for isoniazid poisoning OD May cause sensory nerve damage (numbness, tingling, reduced sensation) and coordination problems Sxs are usually revised aft stopping pyridoxine symptomatic and supportive... 

Therapeutically, vitamin K is used in prophylaxis and treatment of deficiency of clotting factor due to dietary deficiency of vitamin K, chronic antimicrobial therapy, malabsorption syndrome, obstructive jaundice, liver diseases such as cirrhosis and hepatitis, in neonates to prevent or treat haemorrhagic disease of new born to counteract the overdosing of oral anticoagulants... 

Vitamins are vital for normal metabolism in body. They vary in their chemical structure and are supplied in very small quantity in diet, because they are not synthesized in body or their rate of production is not sufficient for maintenance of health. Vitamin deficiency leads to development of deficiency symptoms. Different vitamin preparations are available for treatment and prophylaxis. Most of the vitamins are nontoxic but on chronic administration can cause toxicity especially vitamin A and D. 

It is indicated in night blindness, vitamin A deficiency (in infants, in pregnancy, lactation, malabsorption syndrome), for prophylaxis of vitamin A deficiency, acne, ichthyosis, psoriasis, xerophthalmia, Bitot s spots (especially children). 

It is indicated for treatment of scurvy, for prophylaxis of vitamin C deficiency, to acidify urine, anaemia of vitamin C deficiency, as antioxidant to protect natural colour and flavour of many foods, dental caries and increased capillary fragility. 

Deficiency of vitamin K in the newborn Newborns have sterile intestines and cannot initially synthesize vitamin K. Because human milk provides only about one fifth of the daily requirement for vitamin K, it is recommended that all newborns receive a single intramuscular dose of vitamin K as prophylaxis against hemorrhagic disease. 

Kher A, Samama MM. Primary and secondary prophylaxis of venous thromboembolism with low-molecular-weight heparins prolonged thromboprophylaxis, an alternative to vitamin K antagonists. J Thromb Haemost. 2005 3 473-481. 

The normal requirement of vitamin A for adults is supplied by an adequate diet. The rational uses of retinol are in the treatment of vitamin A deficiency and as prophylaxis in high-risk subjects during periods of increased requirement, such as infancy, pregnancy, and lactation. Once vitamin A deficiency has been diagnosed, intensive therapy should be instituted. The patient should then be maintained on a proper diet. 

Vitamin D is the collective name for vitamins D1 D2, and D3. It is used as prophylaxis for nutritional vitamin D deficiency. It also is used to treat rickets,... 

When these patients are discharged from hospital, prophylactic treatment with an oral anticoagulant is recommended to prevent recurrence of the thrombosis. Warfarin sodium, which antagonizes the effects of vitamin K, is used in prophylaxis and treatment of DVT and pulmonary embolism. It is usual to start with an induction dose of 10 mg daily for two days the dose can then be reduced. Patients need to be monitored as there is a risk of haemorrhage with oral anticoagulant drugs. 

Menadione prophylaxis against vitamin K deficiency bleeding in infancy (Section 5.4.1) has been associated with increased incidence of childhoodleukemia and other cancers. 

The pharmacological uses of vitamin K are in the treatment of (rare) vitamin K deficiency prophylaxis in newborn infants (Section 5.4.1), and as an antidote to overcome anticoagulant toxicity. Because of its cytoxic effects, menadione has been used in cancer chemotherapy. It also potentiates the analgesic actions of salicylates and opiates, and has been used to enhance pain relief in cancer patients. 

Although rarely encountered in developed countries, vitamin A deficiency remains a global public health problem. The current World Health Organization recommendation for vitamin A treatment in children 1 year of age and older who are at risk (see Table 17-3) is one 200,000 lU oral dose every 3 to 6 months for prophylaxis, and three such doses for treatment and prevention of xerophthalmia. Animal studies (rat model) have shown some improvement in corneal epithelial fimction with topical vitamin A supplementation. In human trials, evidence is contradictory regarding the beneficial role of topical vitamin A application. The apparent mechanism is reduction of inflammatory components. 

Vitamin deficiencies are commonly multiple, and complex clinical pictures occur. There are numerous single and multivitamin preparations to provide prophylaxis and therapy. 

There is no specific or causal therapy of PSC. Reduction in or elimination of pruritus (341), elimination of malabsorption and, if necessary, replacement of fat-soluble vitamins (359), selenium (299) and zinc are the primary targets of therapy - as in PBC. (359) (s. p. 648) Relapsing cholangitis requires the administration of broad-spectrum antibiotics however, antibiotic prophylaxis is not indicated. (316, 323, 363, 376, 388, 404, 418, 443,445)... 

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