Property loss statistics

The Safer Piping module instructs the viewers that piping systems typically represent 30 percent of total plant capital costs and that property insurance statistics claim that 40 percent of all major process plant losses are due to piping failures. This is worth repeating 40 percent of all major process plant losses are due to piping failures. 

Fire statistics collected by NFPA indicated that 1 687 500 fires were reported in the United States in 2002, the latest year for which complete statistics are available at the time of this writing. Calculated another way, these statistics translate into a reported fire occurring in the United States every 19 s, in an outside property every 38 s, in a structure every 61s, in a residence every 67 s, and in a motor vehicle every 96 s. These fires caused 3380 civilian deaths and 18 425 reported injuries in 2002. Excluding New York City s World Trade Center deaths from the September 11, 2001, terrorist attacks in which 2326 civilian deaths occurred, the number of deaths in 2002 decreased by almost 10% from the previous year. However, there still was one civilian fire death every 156 min and one fire injury every 28 min. The number for injuries is believed to be less than the actual number, since many injuries are not reported. The property loss due to fires in 2002 is estimated at 10.3 billion dollars and indicates a decrease of 2.2% from the previous year, if one excludes the World Trade Center deaths from the 2001 numbers. 

Data from State Administration of Work Safety of China showed that 779 accidents occurred in coal mines across the country in 2012, and caused 1,384 people s death and amazing property losses. According to incomplete statistics, people killed directly by explosion, collapse, shock and other injuries in coal mine accidents only accounted for 10 percent of the total casualties, while 90 percent of them died due to oxygen depletion, toxic and harmful gases with high concentrations, escape routes which couldn t lead to a safe area (Xinda Zhao et al. 2012). 

Accident statistics have shown that fires and explosions represent 97 percent of the largest accidents in the chemical industry (J. Coco, ed., Large Property Damage Losses in the Hydrocarbon-Chemical Industry A Thirty Year Review, J. H. Marsh and McLennan, New York, 1997). 

Q The most detailed studies were reported by Hermansson and Akesson ( , 41) and Hermansson (42) in which the properties of a soy isolate, caseinate, WPC, and model test systems of additive and lean beef or pork were studied. Solubility, swelling, and viscosity (properties reviewed as related to water absorption) were correlated with moisture loss in the raw systems. In cooked systems, the best predictability of meat texture as affected by additive was a statistical model that included the functional properties of swelling and gel strength of protein additive dispersions. 

U.S. Department of Transportation (DOT) statistics on liquids pipelines operated under the Code of Federal Regulations (49) indicate that corrosion was the second largest contributor to accidents and failures for the period from 1982 to 1991. These statistics covered an average of 344,575 km of liquids pipelines and were derived from required reports to DOT on all pipeline accidents involving loss of at least 7.95 m3 of liquid, death or bodily harm to any person, fire or explosion, loss of at least 0.8 m3 of highly volatile liquid, or property damage of 5000 or more (50). Similar results were also reported for 1991 in the 1992 DOT/OPS report on both oil and gas pipeline incidents 62 out of 210 oil pipeline incidents were due to corrosion, of which 74% were due to external corrosion (43). For gas pipelines, 16 of all 71 reported incidents were due to corrosion, of which 63% were reported as due to internal corrosion however, internal corrosion of gas pipelines is likely only if C02 and H20 and/or H2S are present, as with unprocessed gas in gathering lines. 

This method is based on a comparison of the intensities of the signal corresponding to the product that has to be quantified with the one of a reference compound called the internal standard. This method allows the elimination of various error sources other than the minimal intrinsic error due to statistical reasons. In fact, if we choose as an internal standard a molecule with chemical and physical properties as close as possible to the properties of the molecule to be measured, the latter and the internal standard undergo the same loss in the extraction steps and in the derivative or the same errors in the introduction of the sample into the mass spectrometer, when the source conditions are varied. As both... 

If there are no major disruptions, depolymerizations, or decrystallization of cell wall polymers during the reaction chemistry to modify solid wood, there are no statistical differences in mechanical properties of chemically modified wood as compared to nonmodified wood. There are so many differences in moisture levels, specific gravities, and fibers per unit cross-section in control vs. modified woods that no definitive conclusions can be made. If the reaction chemistry used to modify solid wood does result in major disruptions, depolymerizations, or decrystallization of cell wall polymers, then there are major statistical differences between control and chemically modified solid wood. Losses in mechanical properties can vary from large decreases in all properties to complete loss of cell wall structure and wood is converted to a thermoplastic film. 

---