1.3- Propanediol purification

Purification of 2-nitro-2-methyl- 1,3-propanediol. This material was purchased from the Commercial Solvents Corp and had a melting point of 135-136°. By recrystallizing twice from 95% ale the mp was raised to 151.2. This purified material was used for nitration... 

The formation of 1,3-propanediol from glycerol by Klebsiella pneumoniae, Citrobacter and Clostridium butyricum, respectively as well as 2,3-butanediol by Enterobacter aerogenes and their recovery and purification were central issues as well. The production was partly performed in a 2000 litre reactor. Glycerol metabolism in these microorganisms was established. In addition the application of the diols was investigated. 

A wide variety of products can be produced by fermentation. In some cases the microorganism itself is the product, for example, in the manufacturing of active dry yeast (ADY). Well-known pharmaceutical fermentation products are insulin and penicillin G. Fermentation processes are also used to produce various commodity bioproducts like organic and amino acids, polysaccharides, lipids, chemical compounds like isoprene (Whited et al., 2010), 1,3-propanediol (Nakamura and Whited, 2003), RNA, DNA, enzymes, and other proteins. The large variety of commodity bioproducts produced by fermentation requires an equally large variety of different methods to separate and purify them. Compared to fermentation processes, where usually one unit, the fermenter vessel, is used, several different steps and unit operations are necessary to achieve purification and formulation of bioproducts. 

Adkesson DM, Alsop AW, Ames TT, Chu LA, Disney JM, Dravis BC, Fitzgibbon P, Gaddy JM, Gallagher FG, Lehnhardt WF, Lievense JC, Luyben ML, Seapan M, Trotter RE, Wenndt GM, Yu EK. (2005). Purification of biologically-produced 1,3-propanediol. US Patent 7919658. 

MueUer A, Gorak A. (2012). Extraction of 1,3-propanediol from aqueous solutions using different ionic liquid-based aqueous two-phase systems. Sep Purif Technol, 91, 130-136. 

Roturier JM, Fouache C, Berghmans E. (2002). Process for the purification of 1,3-propanediol from a fermentation medium. US Patent, 6428992. 

Wu RC, Xu YZ, Song YQ, Luo JA, Liu D. (2011). A novel strategy for salts recovery from 1,3-propanediol fermentation broth by bipolar membrane electrodialysis. Sep Purif Technol, 83, 9-14. 

Common contaminants in commercial PC include propylene oxide, carbon dioxide, propanediols, allyl alcohol, ethylene carbonate, and water. Purification may be accomplished by percolation through 5 A molecular sieves (activated by treatment at 350 °C for 14 h under argon), followed by distillation under vacuum and storage under molecular sieves. 

A problem in the use of many amines as pH buffers is that they are liquids or gases at room temperature and are difficult to obtain pure. Of the solid amines, 4-amino-pyridine, imidazole and Tris are ordinarily available in acceptable purity, but others, such as 2-amino-2-methyl-1,3-propanediol, 2-amino-2-methyl-l-propanol and hexa-methylenediamine, may need further purification, commonly by distillation. However it is difficult to remove residual monoethanolamine and diethanolamine from triethanolamine. A general method for the purification of amines is through the preparation of their hydrochlorides. 

Colby GD, Chen J-S (1992) Purification and properties of 3-hydroxybutyryl-coenzyme A dehydrogenase from Clostridium beijerinckii Clostridium butylicumT) NRRL B593. Appl Environ Microbiol 58 3297-3302 Colin T, Bories A, Moulin G (2000) Inhibition of Clostridium butyricum by 1,3-propanediol and diols during glycerol fermentation. Appl Microbiol Biotechnol 54 201-205... 

Palosaari NR, Rogers P (1988) Purification and properties of the indudble coenzyme A-linked butyraldehyde dehydrogenase from Clostridium acetobutylicum. J Bacteriol 170 2971-2976 Papanikolaou S, Ruiz-Sanchez P, Pariset B, Blanchard F, Fick M (2000) High production of 1,3-propanediol from industrial glycerol by a newly isolated Clostridium butyricum strain. J Biotechnol 77 191-208 Papoutsakis ET, Meyer CL (1985) Equations and calculations of product yields and preferred pathways for butanediol and mixed-acid fermentations. Biotechnol Bioengin 27 50-66... 

In a joint venture with Tate and Lyle PLC, known as DuPont Tate Lyle BioProducts LLC, DuPont plans to produce 1,3-propanediol (PDO) using their proprietary fermentation and purification process based on corn-derived glucose. Sample quantities of the biobased PDO are currently produced at a pilot plant in Decatur, Illinois and beginning in 2006, commercial-scale quantities will be produced at a manufacturing facility in Loudon, Tennessee (10). 

Li, Z., Jiang, B., Zhang, D., Xiu, Z., 2009. Aqueous two-phase extraction of 1,3-propanediol from glycerol-based fermentation broths. Separation and Purification Technology 66 (3), 472-478. 

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