Propane salt from

Gupton JT, Gall JE, Riesinger SW, Smith SQ, Bevirt KM, Sikorski JA, Dahl ML, Arnold Z (1991)Analternativepreparationofthe2-dimethylaminomethylene-l,3-bis(dimethylimmonio) propane salt from phosphonoacetic acids and some applications in heterocyclic synthesis. J Heterocycl Chem 28 1281-1285... 

Dioleoyl-l,2-diacyl-3-trimethylammonium propane (DOTAP) can be obtained from Avanti Polar Lipids (Alabaster, AL) or as methyl sulfate salt from Sigma (St. Louis, MO). 

Zeise s salt, modified with chiral aminophosphane-phosphinites (AMPP), can also be used as a catalyst precursor in asymmetric styrene hydroformylation113. Other catalytic platinum systems for the hydroformylation of styrene are platinum(O)- alkene complexes of the type [Pt(C2H4)(L2)] L2 = l,2-bis[(diphenylphosphino)methyl]benzene and ( + )-Diop 24. When activated with methanesulfonic acid, catalysts for styrene hydroformylation are formed, which give total yields of aldehydes ranging from 44 to 67% and selectivities towards linear 3-phenyl-propanal ranging from 80 to 88%. Smaller amounts of the corresponding alcohols (3-18%) are also obtained with a pronounced selectivity towards 3-phenylpropanol of 94-96%. However, when Diop complexes of this type are used, no asymmetric induction in hydroformylation can be detected24. 

After epoxidation, propylene oxide, excess propylene, and propane are distilled overhead. Propane is purged from the process propylene is recycled to the epoxidation reactor. The bottoms Hquid is treated with a base, such as sodium hydroxide, to neutralize the acids. Acids in this stream cause dehydration of the 1-phenylethanol to styrene. The styrene readily polymerizes under these conditions (177—179). Neutralization, along with water washing, allows phase separation such that the salts and molybdenum catalyst remain in the aqueous phase (179). Dissolved organics in the aqueous phase ate further recovered by treatment with sulfuric acid and phase separation. The organic phase is then distilled to recover 1-phenylethanol overhead. The heavy bottoms are burned for fuel (180,181). 

Methylsuccinic acid has been prepared by the pyrolysis of tartaric acid from 1,2-dibromopropane or allyl halides by the action of potassium cyanide followed by hydrolysis by reduction of itaconic, citraconic, and mesaconic acids by hydrolysis of ketovalerolactonecarboxylic acid by decarboxylation of 1,1,2-propane tricarboxylic acid by oxidation of /3-methylcyclo-hexanone by fusion of gamboge with alkali by hydrog. nation and condensation of sodium lactate over nickel oxide from acetoacetic ester by successive alkylation with a methyl halide and a monohaloacetic ester by hydrolysis of oi-methyl-o -oxalosuccinic ester or a-methyl-a -acetosuccinic ester by action of hot, concentrated potassium hydroxide upon methyl-succinaldehyde dioxime from the ammonium salt of a-methyl-butyric acid by oxidation with. hydrogen peroxide from /9-methyllevulinic acid by oxidation with dilute nitric acid or hypobromite from /J-methyladipic acid and from the decomposition products of glyceric acid and pyruvic acid. The method described above is a modification of that of Higginbotham and Lapworth. ... 

Dry NH3(g) was passed into a stirred solution of 6-chloro-l l//-dibenz[6,e]azepine (13 45.6 g, 0.2 mol) in phenol (200 g) at 200 C for 6 h. The excess phenol was removed by distillation and the residue dissolved in benzene. The benzene solution was shaken with 5% aq HC1 in order to precipitate the product as the hydrochloride salt, which was collected by filtration and recrystallized from propan-2-ol as the monohydrate. On heating the monohydrate in vacuo at 110 C the anhyd hydrochloride was obtained yield 29.3 g (59%) mp 204-206 C. 

Polar organic solvents readily precipitate exopolysaccharides from solution. The solvents commonly used are acetone, methanol, ethanol and propan-2-ol. Cation concentration of the fermentation liquor influences the amount of solvent required for efficient product recovery. In the case of propan-2-ol, increasing the cation concentration can lead to a four-fold reduction in die volume of solvent required to precipitate xanthan gum. Salts such as calcium nitrate and potassium chloride are added to fermentation broths for this purpose. 

With 2,3-[isopropylidenebis(oxy)]propanal the facial selectivity of the allylstannane generated from tin(II) chloride, the disodium salt of diethyl 2,3-dihydroxybutanoatc, and 3-bromo-1-propene (see preceding section) is overwhelmed by the facial selectivity of the substrate97. Some selectivity was observed in coupling monosaccharide derived allylstannanes with monosaccharide aldehydes99. 

The most stable of all alkyl cations is the tert-butyl cation. Even the relatively stable tert-pentyl and fen-hexyl cations fragment at higher temperatures to produce the tert-butyl cation, as do all other alkyl cations with four or more carbons so far studied. Methane,ethane, and propane, treated with superacid, also yield ten-butyl cations as the main product (see 2-17). Even paraffin wax and polyethylene give the ten-butyl cation. Solid salts of frrf-butyl and rerf-pentyl cations (e.g., MeaC" SbFg ) have been prepared from superacid solutions and are stable below -20°C. ... 

Homopolymers and copolymers from amido-sulfonic acid or salt containing monomers can be prepared by reactive extrusion, preferably in a twin screw extruder [1660]. The process produces a solid polymer. Copolymers of acrylamide, N-vinyl-2-pyrrolidone, and sodium-2-acrylamido-2-methyl-propane sulfonate have been proposed to be active as fluid loss agents. Another component of the formulations is the sodium salt of naphthalene formaldehyde sulfonate [207]. The fluid loss additive is mixed with hydraulic cements in suitable amounts. 

Various experimental conditions have been used for oxidations of alcohols by Cr(VI) on a laboratory scale, and several examples are shown in Scheme 12.1. Entry 1 is an example of oxidation of a primary alcohol to an aldehyde. The propanal is distilled from the reaction mixture as oxidation proceeds, which minimizes overoxidation. For secondary alcohols, oxidation can be done by addition of an acidic aqueous solution containing chromic acid (known as Jones reagent) to an acetone solution of the alcohol. Oxidation normally occurs rapidly, and overoxidation is minimal. In acetone solution, the reduced chromium salts precipitate and the reaction solution can be decanted. Entries 2 to 4 in Scheme 12.1 are examples of this method. 

Chlorine dioxide Copper Fluorine Hydrazine Hydrocarbons (benzene, butane, propane, gasoline, turpentine, etc) Hydrocyanic acid Hydrofluoric acid, anhydrous (hydrogen fluoride) Hydrogen peroxide Ammonia, methane, phosphine or hydrogen sulphide Acetylene, hydrogen peroxide Isolate from everything Hydrogen peroxide, nitric acid, or any other oxidant Fluorine, chlorine, bromine, chromic acid, peroxide Nitric acid, alkalis Ammonia, aqueous or anhydrous Copper, chromium, iron, most metals or their salts, any flammable liquid, combustible materials, aniline, nitromethane... 

When aqueous solutions of the polymerisation initiators 2,2/-azobis(2-amidinio-propane) chloride and sodium peroxodisulfate are mixed, the title compound separates as a water insoluble shock-sensitive salt. The shock-sensitivity increases as the moisture level decreases, and is comparable with that of lead azide. Stringent measures should be used to prevent contact of the solutions outside the polymerisation environment. (The instability derives from the high nitrogen (21.4%) and oxygen (31.6%) contents, and substantial oxygen balance, as well as the structural factors present in the salt.)... 

Examples of reactions involving replacement and cyclization are the long-known preparation of thiophenes (89) from 1,4-diketones, and the formation of l,2-dithiole-3-thione (90) from the salicylate ester analog (91).120 In the latter instance, oxidative cyclization with formation of an S—S bond has occurred this is a common feature of these reactions, particularly if such a link is needed to complete a five-membered ring. Another example of this aspect is afforded by the reaction of the propane-1,3-dione derivatives (92) which yield 3,5-diaryl-1,2-dithiolylium salts (93) when heated with phosphorus pentasulfide in carbon disulfide, followed by perchloric acid.121... 

In a 1-1. three-necked flask equipped with a mechanical stirrer, a thermometer, and a dropping funnel, and cooled externally with an ice-salt bath, is placed a solution of 118 g. (1.8 moles) of u.s.p. 85% potassium hydroxide (Note 1) in 300 ml. of water. The temperature of the solution is maintained between 0° and 10° (with the addition of ice to the flask if necessary) while 247 g. (205 ml., 2.0 moles) of 1-chloro-l-nitro-propane (Note 2) is added from a dropping funnel over a 20-minute period. The cooling bath is removed, and concentrated hydrochloric acid is added dropwise (Note 1) until the momentary green coloration produced by the addition of each drop of acid spreads rapidly throughout the solution (near a pH of 9). The temperature of the solution rises to about 70° with the separation of a deep-green oily layer. Stirring is continued until the reaction mixture reaches room temperature (about 3 hours). 

Amino-2-deoxy-D-glucose hydrochloride (15 g, 69.6 mmol) is dissolved in fuming hydrochloric acid (concentrated hydrochloric acid saturated with hydrogen chloride at 0°C, 120 mL), propane-l,3-room temperature for 3 days. Ethanol is added, the solution neutralized with lead carbonate, and the salts filtered. Evaporation affords a solid, which is recrystallized from ethanol-watef-ether (18 g, 84%) mp 204-206°C, [a]D —8.9° (c 1.45, water). 

A stopper is lifted from the reaction flask while 500 mL of toluene are added to cover the solid residues. Propan-2-ol is added gradually to destroy any remaining organometallic compounds (excess Grignard or methyl-lithium). When this is complete (no further effervescence), water is added cautiously, followed by dilute hydrochloric acid to complete the solvolysis of the magnesium salts. 

The benzylamine counterpart (as if one were to move the amine function from the beta-carbon to the alpha-carbon of the three carbon chain of the amphetamine molecule) is alpha-ethyl-3,4-methylenedioxybenzylamine or l-amino-l-(3,4-methylenedioxyphenyl)propane, ALPHA. The hydrochloride salt has a mp of 199-201 °C. At low threshold levels (10 milligram area) there were eyes-closed dreams with some body tingling. The compound was not anorexic at any dose (up to 140 milligrams) and was reported to produce a pleasant, positive feeling. It is very short-lived (about 3 hours). The N-methyl homologue is alpha-ethyl-N-methyl-3,4-methylenedioxybenzylamine or 1 -methylamino-1 -(3,4-methylenedioxy-phenyl)propane, M-ALPHA. It is similar in action, but is perhaps twice as potent (a plus one or plus two dose is 60 milligrams) and of twice the duration,... 

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