Propane-propylene

Definition (in vol %) Mainly butanes/butenes < 19% propane/propylene 90% approx, propane/propylene 10% ethane/ethylene/butanes/butenes Mainly propane, butanes and propylene/butenes/pentanes/pentenes... 

Liquefied gas fractions (propane, propylene, butanes, butenes) that will be able to provide feedstocks to units of MTBE, ETBE, alkylation, dimerization, polymerization after sweetening and/or selective hydrogenation. 

Many simple systems that could be expected to form ideal Hquid mixtures are reasonably predicted by extending pure-species adsorption equiUbrium data to a multicomponent equation. The potential theory has been extended to binary mixtures of several hydrocarbons on activated carbon by assuming an ideal mixture (99) and to hydrocarbons on activated carbon and carbon molecular sieves, and to O2 and N2 on 5A and lOX zeoHtes (100). Mixture isotherms predicted by lAST agree with experimental data for methane + ethane and for ethylene + CO2 on activated carbon, and for CO + O2 and for propane + propylene on siUca gel (36). A statistical thermodynamic model has been successfully appHed to equiUbrium isotherms of several nonpolar species on 5A zeoHte, to predict multicomponent sorption equiUbria from the Henry constants for the pure components (26). A set of equations that incorporate surface heterogeneity into the lAST model provides a means for predicting multicomponent equiUbria, but the agreement is only good up to 50% surface saturation (9). 

Total Hydrocarbon Gontent. The THC includes the methane combined in air, plus traces of other light hydrocarbons that are present in the atmosphere and escape removal during the production process. In the typical oxygen sample, methane usually constitutes more than 90% of total hydrocarbons. The rest may be ethane, ethylene, acetylene, propane, propylene, and butanes. Any oil aerosol produced in lubricated piston compressor plants is also included here. 

Propane-propylene Close-hoihng Acrylonitrile Alternative to simple distillation, adsorption... 

Liquefied Petroleum Gas The term liquefied petroleum gas (LPG) is applied to certain specific hydrocarbons which can be liquefied under moderate pressure at normal temperatures but are gaseous under normal atmospheric conditions. The chief constituents of LPG are propane, propylene, butane, butylene, and isobutane. LPG produced in the separation of heavier hydrocarbons from natural gas is mainly of the paraffinic (saturated) series. LPG derived from oil-refinery gas may contain varying low amounts of olefinic (unsaturated) hydrocamons. 

Absorption recovers valuable light components such as propane/propylene and butane/ butylene as vapors from fractionating columns. These vapors are bubbled through an absorption fluid, such as kerosene or heavy naphtha, in a fractionating-like column to dissolve in the oil while gases, such as hydrogen, methane, ethane, and ethylene, pass through. Absorption is effectively performed at 100 to 150 psi with absorber heated and distilled. The gas fraction is condensed as liquefied petroleum gas (LPG). The liquid fraction is reused in the absorption tower. 

The most common fuels were divided into three groups according to reactivity. The low-reactivity group included ammonia, methane, and natural gas hydrogen, acetylene, and ethylene oxide were classified as highly reactive. Those within these extremes, for example, ethane, ethylene, propane, propylene, butane, and isobutane, were classified as medium-reactivity fuels. 

Propane, propylene, and ethylene are used in large refrigeration tonnage and very low temperature applications. 

When crude oil is refined, some of the processes yield additional gaseous products. The C3 and C4 constituents differ from those released from crude oil or from NGLs, which are saturated hydrocarbons. Refinery gases are high in unsaturates, e.g. propane (propylene) and butane (butylenes). These unsaturated hydrocarbons are a valuable source of chemical process intermediates and enjoy a large market alongside naphtha. 

Cj s and C s include propane, propylene, normal butane, isobutane, and butylene. Propylene and butylene are used to make ethers and alkylate, which are blended to produce high-octane gasoline. Most gas plants also include treating facilities to remove sulfur from these products. 

Methane, ethane, ethylene, propane, propylene, acetylene, isobutane, and n-butane... 

The reactor is followed by a gas-liquid separator operating at 30 bar from which the liquid phase is heated with steam to decompose the catalyst for recovery of cobalt by filtration. A second gas-liquid separator operating at atmospheric pressure subsequently yields a liquid phase of aldehydes, alcohols, heavy ends and water, which is free from propane, propylene, carbon monoxide and hydrogen. 

The volumetric expansion parameter S may thus be taken as 0.9675. The product distribution will vary somewhat with temperature, but the stoichiometry indicated above is sufficient for preliminary design purposes. (We should also indicate that if one s primary goal is the production of ethylene, the obvious thing to do is to recycle the propylene and ethane and any unreacted propane after separation from the lighter components. In such cases the reactor feed would consist of a mixture of propane, propylene, and ethane, and the design analysis that we will present would have to be modified. For our purposes, however, the use of a mixed feed would involve significantly more computation without serving sufficient educational purpose.)... 

Oxypro (1) A process for making di-isopropyl ether (DOPE) from a propane/propylene stream from FCC. The catalyst system is superior to other acid catalysts such as zeolites because of its greater activity at low temperatures. The Oxypro catalyst functions at below 175°C, whereas zeolites require temperatures closer to 260°C. DOPE is used as a gasoline additive. Developed by UOP in 1994 first licensed in Chile in 1996 for completion in 1997. 

In the second scheme, the alkane is transformed to the olefin by oxidehydro-genation, and the outlet stream is sent to the second oxidation reactor without any intermediate separation." Isobutane and isobutene are recycled, together with oxygen, nitrogen, and carbon oxides. Finally, the third scheme differs from the first one in that hydrogen is separated from propane/propylene after the dehydrogenation step, and oxygen is preferably used instead of air in the oxidation reactor." ... 

The reasons for the three grades are very practical. For the first two, refinery and chemical, that s the way they re made. Refinery grade propylene streams are generally by-products of a refinery s cat cracker, and the propane/propylene ration is determined by the way the cat cracker is run to make gasoline, not propylene. Chemical grade propylene is usually produced in a naphtha or gas oil cracker. The ratio of propylene and propane is about 92 8 over most of the operating conditions. 

Cumene made in this manner is about 99.9% pure. The cumene yield, ie., the percent of benzene that ends up as cumene, is about 95%- About 5% of the benzene ends up as part of the heavies. Conversion of propylene is a little lower, about 90%, particularly if there s no depropanizer up front to which the unreacted propane/propylene from the second reactor can be recycled. 

Athan, Athylen, Propan, Propylen, n-Butan, Isobutan, 1-Butylen, cis-und trans-2-Butylen, Isobutylen und Neopentan (Tetramethylmethan). J. chem. Physics 5, 473 (1937). 

A VaporSep system recovered approximately 91% of the hydrocarbons from a waste stream of hydrogen, nitrogen, propane, propylene, and water. The capital costs for the system were 2.4 million. By recycling the hydrocarbons and nitrate (permeate and filtrate), the system saved 2.3 million per year (D205549, p. 9). 

SiC capacitor sensors have demonstrated gas-sensitivity to gases such as hydrogen and hydrocarbons [21, 46, 68] up to a maximum temperature of 1,000°C [1, 68]. Devices that can be operated both as MOS capacitors (reverse bias) and as Schottky diodes at temperatures greater than 490°C have also been demonstrated (see Section 2.4.2) [10]. These devices showed sensitivity to combustible gases such as propane, propylene, and CO and were tested at temperatures up to 640°C. 

Materials. The gases used (methane, ethane, ethylene, propane, propylene, n-butane, 2-methylpropane, and the butenes) were at least 99% pure (Cambrian Chemicals, Ltd.). The purity of each gas was tested by gas chromatography (columns of molecular sieve 5A, silica gel, or Porapak Q). 

The biodegradation of trichloroethylene is the most studied since this is probably the most widespread halogenated solvent contaminant. Several substrates drive ttichlorethylene co-oxidation, including methane, propane, propylene, toluene, isopropylbenzene, and ammonia (25). The enzymes that metabolize these substrates have subtly different selectivities with regard to the halogenated solvents, and to date none are capable of co-oxidizing carbon tetrachloride or tetrachloroethylene. Complete mineralization of these compounds can, however, be achieved by sequential anaerobic and aerobic process. Biorem edia tion. 

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