Oxidation carbon tetrachloride

The biodegradation of trichloroethylene is the most studied since this is probably the most widespread halogenated solvent contaminant. Several substrates drive ttichlorethylene co-oxidation, including methane, propane, propylene, toluene, isopropylbenzene, and ammonia (25). The enzymes that metabolize these substrates have subtly different selectivities with regard to the halogenated solvents, and to date none are capable of co-oxidizing carbon tetrachloride or tetrachloroethylene. Complete mineralization of these compounds can, however, be achieved by sequential anaerobic and aerobic process. Biorem edia tion. 

Ekstrom G, von Bahr C, Ingelman-Sundberg M. Human liver microsomal cytochrome P-450IIE1. Immunological evaluation of its contribution to microsomal ethanol oxidation, carbon tetrachloride reduction and NADPH oxidase activity. Biochem Pharmacol 1989 38 689-693. 

LITHIUM NITRIDE (26134-62-3) Dust or powder ignites spontaneously in moist air. Contact with water or steam forms lithium hydroxide and ammonia. A strong reducing agent. Violent reaction with many materials, including oxidizers, carbon tetrachloride, 2,4-dinitrophenol, epoxides, metal salts, silicon tetrafluoride. Incompatible with copper chloride. In case of fire, use approved Class D extinguishers or smothering quantities of dry sand, crushed limestone, clay. 

Dipoles (i) phenyl azide (carbon tetrachloride. 25 C) - (ii) C-methyl-(V-phenyl-sydnone (p-cymene, I40°C) (iii) picryl azide (chloroform, 25°C) (iv) anhydro-5-hydroxy-2.4-diphenyl-3-methyloxazolium hydroxide, viz. C.C-diphenyl-N-methyl-miinchnone, (benzonitrile. 50°C) (v) benzonitrile oxide (carbon tetrachloride. 25°C) - " . 

Incompatibilities and Reactivities Strong acids oxidizers, carbon tetrachloride other chlorinated organic compounds, carbon disulfide [Note Corrosive to metals.]... 

Oxygen Nitric oxide Carbon tetrachloride Methyl iodide Ethyl bromide Sulfur hexafluoride Biphenyl... 

Calcium Oxide Calcium Oxide Carbon Tetrachloride Carbon Tetrachloride... 

Andrews deration An important titration for the estimation of reducing agents. The reducing agent is dissolved In concentrated hydrochloric acid and titrated with potassium iodale(V) solution. A drop of carbon tetrachloride is added to the solution and the end point is indicated by the disappearance of the iodine colour from this layer. The reducing agent is oxidized and the iodate reduced to ICl, i.e. a 4-eiectron change. 

Dibromine monoxide, BtjO, is prepared, similar to the corresponding dichlorine compound, by the action of a solution of bromine in carbon tetrachloride on yellow mercury(II) oxide ... 

It has been considered that nitric acid was responsible for the oxidation of the nitroso compoimd, but there is recent evidence from the catalysed nitration of p-dimethoxybenzene in carbon tetrachloride that dinitrogen tetroxide is involved ... 

Alkali metals Moisture, acetylene, metal halides, ammonium salts, oxygen and oxidizing agents, halogens, carbon tetrachloride, carbon, carbon dioxide, carbon disul-flde, chloroform, chlorinated hydrocarbons, ethylene oxide, boric acid, sulfur, tellurium... 

Ethylene Aluminum trichloride, carbon tetrachloride, chlorine, nitrogen oxides, tetrafluo-roethylene... 

Stannic oxide heated to 200 C 0-088 Carbon tetrachloride 0-085 Carbon tetrachloride 14... 

Fig. 4.25 Adsorption isotherms showing low-pressure hysteresis, (a) Carbon tetrachloride at 20°C on unactivated polyacrylonitrile carbon Curves A and B are the desorption branches of the isotherms of the sample after heat treatment at 900°C and 2700°C respectively Curve C is the common adsorption branch (b) water at 22°C on stannic oxide gel heated to SOO C (c) krypton at 77-4 K on exfoliated graphite (d) ethyl chloride at 6°C on porous glass. (Redrawn from the diagrams in the original papers, with omission of experimental points.)...

The various fumigants often exhibit considerable specificity toward insect pests, as shown in Table 8. The proper choice for any control operation is determined not only by the effectiveness of the gas but by cost safety to humans, animals, and plants flammabdity penetratabdity effect on seed germination and reactivity with furnishings. The fumigants may be used individually or in combination. Carbon tetrachloride has been incorporated with carbon disulfide, ethylene dichloride, or ethylene dibromide to decrease flammability, and carbon dioxide is used with ethylene oxide for the same purpose. 

Chemical oxidation with strong acid is reportedly selective at the 6-hydroxyl, either with nitric acid—sulfuric acid—vanadium salts (241) which is claimed as specific for the 6-hydroxyl up to 40% conversion, or with dinitrogen tetroxide ia carbon tetrachloride, with similar specificity up to 25% conversion (242). 

Oxidation. Disulfides are prepared commercially by two types of reactions. The first is an oxidation reaction uti1i2ing the thiol and a suitable oxidant as in equation 18 for 2,2,5,5-tetramethyl-3,4-dithiahexane. The most common oxidants are chlorine, oxygen (29), elemental sulfur, or hydrogen peroxide. Carbon tetrachloride (30) has also been used. This type of reaction is extremely exothermic. Some thiols, notably tertiary thiols and long-chain thiols, are resistant to oxidation, primarily because of steric hindrance or poor solubiUty of the oxidant in the thiol. This type of process is used in the preparation of symmetric disulfides, RSSR. The second type of reaction is the reaction of a sulfenyl haUde with a thiol (eq. 19). This process is used to prepare unsymmetric disulfides, RSSR such as 4,4-dimethyl-2,3-dithiahexane. Other methods may be found in the Hterature (28). 

Stannic Chloride. Stannic chloride is available commercially as anhydrous stannic chloride, SnCl (tin(IV) chloride) stannic chloride pentahydrate, SnCl 5H20 and in proprietary solutions for special appHcations. Anhydrous stannic chloride, a colorless Aiming Hquid, fumes only in moist air, with the subsequent hydrolysis producing finely divided hydrated tin oxide or basic chloride. It is soluble in water, carbon tetrachloride, benzene, toluene, kerosene, gasoline, methanol, and many other organic solvents. With water, it forms a number of hydrates, of which the most important is the pentahydrate. Although stannic chloride is an almost perfect electrical insulator, traces of water make it a weak conductor. 

Zirconium tetrachloride, ZrCl, is prepared by a variety of anhydrous chlorination procedures. The reaction of chlorine or hydrogen chloride with zirconium metal above 300°C, or phosgene or carbon tetrachloride on zirconium oxide above 450°C, or chlorine on an intimate mixture of zirconium oxide and carbon above 700°C are commonly used. 

Anhydrous zirconium oxide chloride, ZrOCl2 [7699-43-6] has been prepared by the reaction of dichlorine oxide with a zirconium tetrachloride suspension in carbon tetrachloride starting at —30° C and slowly rising to room temperature. The white soHd is extremely hygroscopic and decomposes to ZrCl and Zr02 at 250°C (200). 

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