Promoters glucose-regulated protein

G. Gazit, G. Hung, X. Chen, W. F. Anderson, and A. S. Fee, Use of the glucose starvation-inducible glucose-regulated protein 78 promoter in suicide gene therapy of murine fibrosarcoma, Cancer Res. 59 3100 (1999). 

Cortisol, the most important g/ucocorticoid, is synthesized by the adrenal cortex, it is involved in regulating protein and carbohydrate metabolism by promoting protein degradation and the conversion of amino acids into glucose. As a result, the blood glucose level rises (see p. 152). Synthetic glucocorticoids (e.g., dexamethasone) are used in drugs due to their anti-inflammatory and immunosuppressant effects. 

In persons with diabetes, a major site of Tzd action is adipose tissue, where the drug promotes glucose uptake and utilization and modulates synthesis of lipid hormones or cytokines and other proteins involved in energy regulation. Tzds also regulate adipocyte apoptosis and differentiation. Numerous other effects have been documented in animal studies, but applicability to human tissues has yet to be determined. 

Thyroid hormones regulate the turnover of carbohydrates, lipids, and proteins. They promote glucose absorption, hepatic and renal gluconeogenesis, hepatic glycogenolysis, and glucose utilization in muscle and adipose tissue (18). They increase de novo cholesterol synthesis but increase low-density lipoprotein degradation and cholesterol disposal even more, leading to a net decrease in total and in low-density lipoprotein cholesterol plasma levels (19). Thyroid hormones are anabolic when present at normal concentrations they then stimulate the expression of many key enzymes of metabolism. ... 

Growth hormone, or somatotropin, is a protein that stimulates linear body growth in children and regulates cellular metabolism in both adults and children. Growth hormone stimulates lipolysis, enhances production of free fatty acids, elevates blood glucose, and promotes... 

Catabolite repression is a two-part system. The first component is the small-molecule regulator, cyclic AMP. Glucose decreases cyclic AMP synthesis. The second component is cyclic AMP binding protein, CAP. CAP binds cAMP and thereby helps RNA polymerase bind to the promoter. When bound to cAMP, CAP binds to a sequence at the 5 end of the lac promoter. CAP binding bends the DNA, allowing protein-protein contact between CAP and polymerase. It therefore behaves in the opposite manner of repressor. Repressor (LacI) binds to operator DNA only in the absence of its small-molecule ligand, while CAP binds to promoter DNA in the presence of its small-molecule ligand. 

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