Promoters albumin

Takase O, Minto AW, Puri TS, Cunningham PN, Jacob A, Hayashi M, Quigg RJ. Inhibition of NF-kappaB-dependent Bcl-xL expression by clusterin promotes albumin-induced tubular cell apoptosis. Kidney Int. 2007 Dec 12. 

Biomedical and Biotechnology. The use of mictocapsules for a variety of biomedical and biological appHcations has been promoted for many years (50,51). Several biomedical mictocapsule appHcations ate in clinical use or have approached clinical use. One appHcation is the use of air-fiUed human albumin mictocapsules as ultrasound contrast agents. Such mictocapsules, caUed mictobubbles, ate formed by ultrasonicating 5% albumin solutions to produce 4—10-)J.m diameter air-fiUed capsules (52). When injected the capsules act as a useful transpulmonary echo contrast agent (53) that has been approved for use in humans by the U.S. FDA. 

Poly-L-lysine-blended chitosan, collagen-blended chitosan and albumin-blended chitosan were also considered, with collagen control material. Culture of PC12 cells and fetal mouse cerebral cortex cells on these biomaterials was used to evaluate their nerve cell affinity. The composite materials, had significantly improved nerve cell affinity compared to chitosan. Poly-L-lysine-blended chitosan exhibited the best nerve cell affinity and was a better material in promoting neurite outgrowth than collagen [328]. 

The aqueous [4+2] cycloaddition reaction of 1,4-naphthoquinones 115 with methoxy cyclohexadiene performed in the presence of bovine serum albumin (BSA) is one of the first examples of protein-promoted Diels Alder reactions [79]. Some results are reported in Table 4.18. The globular protein does not affect the regioisomer ratio of adducts. The highest enantiomeric excess was obtained in the cycloaddition of juglone 115 (R = H) with 1-methoxy-1,3-cyclohexadiene 116. 

Approximately 80% of patients with a GFR less than 20 to 30 mL/minute develop metabolic acidosis.38 Metabolic acidosis can increase protein catabolism and decrease albumin synthesis, which promote muscle wasting, and alter bone metabolism. Other consequences associated with metabolic acidosis in CKD include worsening cardiac disease, impaired glucose tolerance, altered growth hormone and thyroid function, and inflammation.38... 

Around 99% of calcium is contained in the bones, whereas the other 1% resides in the extracellular fluid. Of this extracellular calcium, approximately 40% is bound to albumin, and the remainder is in the ionized, physiologically active form. Normal calcium levels are maintained by three primary factors parathyroid hormone, 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D, and calcitonin. Parathyroid hormone increases renal tubular calcium resorption and promotes bone resorption. The active form of vitamin D, 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D, regulates absorption of calcium from the GI tract. Calcitonin serves as an inhibitory factor by suppressing osteoclast activity and stimulating calcium deposition into the bones. 

We have isolated Rubisco small subunit promoters from several plant species and tested their strength with gusA and ALB (human serum albumin) transgenes in sprouts. The highest level of expression in Brassica napus sprouts has been obtained... 

Fig. 3.6 Human serum albumin (HSA) was produced during the sprouting of transgenic rape-seeds. A light-inducible Rubisco promoter was used to control transgene expression. The highest yield was obtained with light induction after three days of continuous darkness. Sprouting was carried out in an airlift fermentor at room temperature. The sprouting medium was water.

Enkephalins Promoter and terminator of 2S1 albumin gene of A. thaliana Integrated in 2S1 albumin of A. thaliana and flanked by tryptic cleavage sites A. thaliana (seed) Brassica napus (seed) 2.9% ofTSP, (200 nmol g 1) 50 nmol 3... 

Human serum albumin CaMVenhanced 35S promoter/ A1MV RNA synthetic leader sequence/nos terminator Native or PR-S leader peptide S. tuberosum (leaves) 0.02% ofTSP 48... 

Figure 13.2 Schematic representation of the creation of hPXR humanized mice. The humanization was achieved in the liver only when the liver-specific albumin promoter was used to direct the transgene expression, or in both the liver and the intestine when the fatty acid binding protein promoter was used. PCN, pregnenolone-16a-carbonitrile RIF, rifampicin. + and mean induction and lack of induction, respectively.

Probstein et al (10) Investigated the use of detached strip type turbulence promoters in the ultrafiltration of bovine serum albumin in laminar flow. His apparatus is shown in Figure 27 the detached strip type promoters tested were circular cylinders with a diameter (D) approximately one-half (0.46) of the channel height and were across the center of the channel cross-section, transverse to the flow. 

Freeze-drying is a relatively gentle way of removing water from proteins in solution. However, this process can promote the inactivation of some protein types and specific excipients (cryoprotectants) are usually added to the product in order to minimize such inactivation. Commonly used cryoprotectants include carbohydrates, such as glucose and sucrose proteins, such as human serum albumin and amino acids, such as lysine, arginine or glutamic acid. Alcohols/polyols have also found some application as cryoprotectants. 

Our laboratory started to work on circadian rhythms by serendipity, while studying the liver-specific transcription of the serum albumin gene. We isolated a cDN A copy for a transcription factor that we dubbed DBP (for albumin promoter D-element Binding Protein). DBP, a basic leucine zipper (bZip) transcription factor, is the founding member of the PAR (proline-acidic amino acid rich)-domain bZip transcription factors, a small subfamily of bZip proteins consisting of DBP, TEF and HLF. It turned out that DBP protein and mRNA accumulation undergo circadian cycles with amplitudes in excess of one hundred-fold (Wuarin Schibler 1990). 

The most widely studied synthetic polymers for blood contact applications are polyether urethane ureas ( Biomer (Ethicon)). These materials have been used in artificial hearts, as coatings for lead wires in pacemakers, have been used and are being considered for blood vessel prostheses. The success of these materials is believed to be due to preferential adsorption of albumin rather than globulin or fibrinogen which promote a clotting response. However, these materials are hydrophobic and questions of long-term effectiveness are unresolved. Particularly, these materials may shed emboli or may be susceptible to surface calcification. Thus, it may be desirable to have synthetic polymers which are hydrophilic and better resemble blood vessels [475]. 

Aesculus chinensis L. A. indica Colebr. A. hippocastanum L. Sha Lou Zi (Horse chestnut) (ripe fruit) Protoescigenine, escigenin, aescine, flavonoid glycosides, aesculine, albumin, fatty oils, amylose, oligosaccharides.33 450 Promote circulation, relieve epigastrium pain, promote digestion. 

Recently, a series of lentivirus vectors were developed for transduction of hepa-tocytes in vivo (78). Various promoters, such as the human CMV, the human phos-phoglycerate kinase (PGK) and the mouse albumin promoter, were introduced into the FlIV-1-based vector. These vectors showed enhanced nuclear translocation in hepatocytes and improved transgene expression. Interestingly, targeted expression to the liver could be accomplished by the use of the albumin promoter. Therapeutic levels of human factor IX were achieved after a single injection. 

Bile salts secreted into the intestine are efficiently reabsorbed (greater than 95 percent) and reused. The mixture of primary and secondary bile acids and bile salts is absorbed primarily in the ileum. They are actively transported from the intestinal mucosal cells into the portal blood, and are efficiently removed by the liver parenchymal cells. [Note Bile acids are hydrophobic and require a carrier in the portal blood. Albumin carries them in a noncovalent complex, just as it transports fatty acids in blood (see p. 179).] The liver converts both primary and secondary bile acids into bile salts by conjugation with glycine or taurine, and secretes them into the bile. The continuous process of secretion of bile salts into the bile, their passage through the duodenum where some are converted to bile acids, and their subsequent return to the liver as a mixture of bile acids and salts is termed the enterohepatic circulation (see Figure 18.11). Between 15 and 30 g of bile salts are secreted from the liver into the duodenum each day, yet only about 0.5 g is lost daily in the feces. Approximately 0.5 g per day is synthesized from cholesterol in the liver to replace the lost bile acids. Bile acid sequestrants, such as cholestyramine,2 bind bile acids in the gut, prevent their reabsorption, and so promote their excretion. They are used in the treatment of hypercholesterolemia because the removal of bile acids relieves the inhibition on bile acid synthesis in the liver, thereby diverting additional cholesterol into that pathway. [Note Dietary fiber also binds bile acids and increases their excretion.]... 

Biophysical characterization showed that a single HRP II protein bound 17 molecules of heme [35]. In an in vitro heme polymerization assay, HRP II promoted the synthesis of hemozoin, while controls, such as the proteins bovine serum albumin and lysozyme or the homopeptides polyhistidine, polylysine, and polyasparagine, did not. FT-IR analysis of the reaction product showed the characteristic vibrations of hemozoin. The polymerization activity had a pH maximum near 4.0, which dropped off precipitously near the pKa of histidine. The heme polymerization... 

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