Progress and Outlook

In a number of studies, others and we have demonstrated that the performance of PSCs depends critically on the nanoscale organization and fimctionaUty of the photoactive layer, the interfaces with and type of the charge collecting electrodes, and the overall device architecture. For the last one, device performance can be improved, for example, by applying hole blocking layers [73], optical spacers to enhance light absorption in the layer of the same thickness [74, 75], and by using the tandem cell architecture [76-78], where two printable photovoltaic cells are added in series. In a tandem cell, it is possible to combine two, or more, thinner 

The main advantages of scanning probe microscopy, on the other hand, are operation modes analyzing simultaneously the local morphology of the photoactive layer and measuring functional (optical and electrical) properties with nanometer resolution at the same spot. Such information is mandatory to better understand operation of PSCs at the nanoscale and to bring such devices to a new level of ultimate performance. 

I would like to use this opportunity to thank Sasha Alexeev, Martijn Wienk, Jan Kroon, Sjoerd Veenstra, Volker Schmidt, Thijs Michels, and many others for helpful discussions. Particularly, I want to express my thank to Rene Janssen, who introduced me to the PSC theme, Xiaoniu Yang for his incredible hard and knowledgeable work on PSCs, which allowed us to set a mark in the area of morphological analysis of PSC, and Svetlana van Bavel and Erwan Sourty, who 

5 HandbookofNanoscopy, Editors Gustaaf VanTendeloo, Dirk Van Dyck, Stephen J. Pennycook, Wiley-VCH Verlag GmbH 2012 

32 Radermacher, M. (1980) Ph.D. thesis. Department of Physics, University of Munich, Munich, Germany. 

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Nedelkov, D., and Nelson, R.W. (2003) Surface plasmon resonance mass spectrometry recent progress and outlooks. Trends in Biotechnology, 21, 301 305. 

Wagner, D.E., Bhaduri, S.B. Progress and Outlook of luorgauic Nauoparticles for Delivery of Nucleic Acid Sequeuces Related to Orthopedic Pathologies A Review. Tissue Engineeriug Part B-Reviews 18(1), 1-14 (2012)... 

Theodorou DN (2010) Progress and outlook in Monte Carlo simulations. Ind Eng Chem Res... 

Dickenson, R.L., Karp, A.D., Johnson, H.E. 1988. Heavy oil processing-Progress and outlook. In Fourth Forum on Advances in the Refining Industry, Pemex Refinacidn and Instituto Mexicano del Petrdleo, Mexico City, Mexico, August 18-19. 

During Progress against milestones, unexpected benefits identified and outlook... 

The outlook for theoretical simulations of diffusion in zeolites is certainly encouraging. Order of magnitude agreement between experimental and theoretical results constituted success at the inception of these calculations, but now methods have progressed and parameters refined to the point whereby theoretical methods can rival experimental methods in accuracy and cost-effectiveness. 

Black s argument was that pollution is the price of progress, and all will turn out for the best if the specialists are left alone to do their work. Like Jack McKee, another water treatment specialist with one foot in academia and the other in consulting, he viewed waste disposal as a legitimate use of waters. This outlook was expressed in words that might have been quoted from Randal Dickey ... 

Schwarz, K. New essential trace elements (Sn, V, F, Si) Progress report and outlook. In "Trace Element Metabolism in Animals-2", eds W.G. Hoekstra, J.W. Suttle, H.E. Ganther, and W. Mertz. University Park Press, Baltimore,... 

Kurihara M and Fusaoka Y, Recent progress on separation membrane and outlook for future, Membrane 1999, 24, 247-255. 

In this chapter, we discuss the progress that has been made toward understanding the self-assembly in BCP SMAs, and, more significantly, we focus on how these materials are being used for fabrication of functional nanomaterials. The chapter is organized as follows. We first briefly introduce the classical BCPs, in Section 2, with an aim to provide the reader with a concise overview on these materials. The processes involved in the optimization of the self-assembled structures are essentially the same as those being used for SMAs. In Section 3, the fundamentals of self-assembly processes involved in BCP SMAs are discussed. Section 4, which is the main part of this chapter, focuses on nanomaterial fabrication using BCP SMAs. Finally, Section 5 presents the summary and outlook. 

Reister D. and Strobl W. (1992) Current development and outlook for the hydrogen fuelled car . Hydrogen Energy Progress IX, 1202-1215. 

Complementing these very well established approaches for the study of any scientific field, namely experiments and analytical theory, very recently, computer simulations have become a powerful tool for the study of a great variety of processes occurring in nature in general [4-6], as well as surface chemical reactions in particular [7]. Within this context, the aim of this chapter is not only to offer a critical overview of recent progress in the area of computer simulations of surface reaction processes, but also to provide an outlook of promising trends in most of the treated topics. 

E. Rubin, H. Mantripragada, A. Marks, P. Versteeg, J. Kitchin The outlook for improved carbon capture technology. Progress in Energy and Combustion Science, 38(5). 2012. 

The outlook for patients who are treated at an early age is favorable. Affected babies are normal at birth but almost all will be impaired unless they receive dietary restriction by age 3 months. Mass screening has largely eliminated the untreated PKU phenotype of eczema, poor growth, irritability, musty odor (caused by phenylacetic acid) and tendency to self-mutilation. Progressive motor dysfunction has been described in children with longterm hyperphenylalaninemia. 

This book also provides a review of the current practical applications as well as an outlook on those predicted to be important in the near future. The reader will leam of the progress that has been made in technical developments by utilizing the organic ion-radicals. Electronic and optoelectronic devices, organic magnets and conductors, lubricants, other materials, and reactions of industrial or biomedical importance are considered. 

Gloom for Oxide Superconductors Dismayed at the progress through the years, even with the most promising room-temperature metallic, binary oxides, many scientists abandoned the search for new high temperature oxide superconductors. Also, it should be mentioned that a deep-rooted prejudice had developed which claimed that the BCS theory had imposed a maximum transition temperature limit of 25 K for all superconducting materials, and that this temperature had already been achieved in certain alloys of niobium. Some scientists, however, were steadfast in their determination to break this barrier, optimistic in their outlook, and they continued their search for this unusual phenomenon in other metallic oxide systems. 

Staff U.S. Oil and Gas Outlook Brightens. Chem. Eng. Progress, 6 (December... 

Carnana, C.M. Superconductivity The Near and Long Term Outlook,55 Chem Eng. Progress, 72 (May 198S). 

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