Programing Flow Charts

Problem 12 Explain the terms (i) computer programming and (ii) flow charts. 

In order to solve a problem on a computer, we have to develop an algorithm. An algorithm is a set of instructions which if strictly followed, will give a solution to the problem. In case an instruction is obeyed, we say it is executed. The following activities are involved when we solve a problem on a computer.. 

There is normally some overlap of the above activities. For example, with a large program, a portion may be written and tested before another portion is written. For any problem, there will normally be more than one algorithm (method) to solve it. Each method will have its own advantages and disadvantages. The user will have a choice of algorithms and it will be his/her job to decide which algorithm is the best and why this is so. 

The algorithm uses a numbered list of instructions, the instructions themselves are English-like statements of what must be done. Another method which is useful for specifying small algorithms is the flow chart. A flow chart consists of flow chart symbols connected by arrows. Each symbol will have information about what must be done at the point and the arrows indicate the 

indicates Start or Stop terminator symbol) 

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Laboratory applications of the computer, as evidenced by this symposium, are concentrating more on the result, and less on the hardware required to accomplish that result. A few years ago, a symposium of this type would have concentrated on the automated collection and analysis of data from laboratory instrumentation. Each paper would read like a chapter from "Tom Swift and His Electric Lab Whiz" and would dwell on the details of circuit diagrams and program flow charts. These papers were presented by... 

Figure 9.13. Program flow chart. (From Ref. 21 with permission.)...

Figure 4. Main program flow chart of charging.

Figure 5. External fault interrupt program flow chart. 

This type of task analysis is applied when there are issues related to decision making, complex situation handling, time-based system interlock checking, etc. This is somewhat like a program flow chart in which action sequences are described. The system is described with the help of very short burner management logic, as shown in... 

The reaction flow-charts of Part Two, and indeed all chemical formulae which appear in this book, were generated by computer. The program used for these drawings was ChemDraw adapted for the Macintosh personal computer by Mr. Stewart Rubenstein of these Laboratories from the molecular graphics computer program developed by our group at Harvard in the 1960 s (E. J. Corey and W. T. Wipke, Science, 1969,166, 178-192) and subsequently refined. 

Understand the model. Review the model program and develop an understanding of how it really works. It is often useful to draw a flow chart of the model process to be sure you completely understand it. 

Algorithm Also known as a flow chart. It is an abstract description of a procedure or a program. A specified, step-by-step procedure for performing a task that will lead to a correct answer or solving a problem. 

Figure 1. Flow chart of the Polymer Analysis program. The program Is entered from a larger program, NMRl. A database must be chosen or created for the spectrum at hand and a statistical model chosen. Options In the main menu Include calculation of probabilities associated with the model, simulation of spectra, and modification of the peak table or database.

The software required was based on a flow diagram of the program for digital control and a flow chart of the program for processing the polarographic data. 

The process of measuring the difference between the two Raman parent spectra (right and left) is shown on the flow chart of the ROA data acquisition program in Figure 13. This program is written in Array Basic supported in Spectra Calc software. First, three spectral memory banks are created for the current, Raman parent and ROA spectra. Then several coadded spectra at four different quarter-wave plate positions are taken to complete one QWP cycle. The... 

Figure 5 Flow chart of docking in the example of the FlexX program.

Fig. 2 Flow chart representing the evolution of the population from one generation (population P ) to the next generation (population P +1) in the program EAGER...

In the DDT exanple mentioned above, calculating the parameters associated with the 30% concentration in xylene and analyzing the effectiveness of octyl phenol adducts versus nonyl phenol adducts, we see the correlation between the predicted performance and the laboratory evaluations. Thus, a flow chart of events for the calculation, using a con juter program, would be as follows ... 

The program (TGPL78) and its associated subroutine (AX12) written in FORTRAN, are reproduced as Appendixes II and III. A computer-drawn flow chart of the program is shown in Appendix IV. In the computer memory we have a large file of our Chinese bronze analyses both for major and trace elements. Some additional data as to the bronze type, date, provenance, whether it has been dated by thermoluminescence, and what the lead isotope ratios are if measured are also in this file. For the 150 Chinese belt hooks which we have analyzed, we also include three lines of shape and typological data. 

Figure 6. Flow chart for the computer program logic in IMD-4 analytical converter model.

In Fig. 2 we show a flow chart of the simulation program. Apart from the specification of the m.p. sequence, that is, of the spacings t of the pulses, their widths their flip angles /3 = (o tp, and phases a, the program requires as input parameters the dipole-dipole coupling strengths b.k, the chemical shifts and the offset Aw. 

Fig. 2. Flow chart of multiple-pulse simulation program.

Figure 1 The validation process. The flow chart depicts a eries of steps that may be used as a guide to design and conduct a validation program. The steps proceeding down the left side of the chart represent the actual validation process. The steps proceeding up the right side of the chart depict the steps associated with improving the performance of the alternative method and defining another prediction model prior to inclusion of the method in a new validation study. Reproduced from Toxicology In Vitro 10 479-501, 1996, Bruner, L. Proctor Gamble.

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