Personal Computers Macintosh

The reaction flow-charts of Part Two, and indeed all chemical formulae which appear in this book, were generated by computer. The program used for these drawings was ChemDraw adapted for the Macintosh personal computer by Mr. Stewart Rubenstein of these Laboratories from the molecular graphics computer program developed by our group at Harvard in the 1960 s (E. J. Corey and W. T. Wipke, Science, 1969,166, 178-192) and subsequently refined. 

The examples herein are done using Excel98, on a Macintosh personal computer. It is easy to anticipate some changes as Excel progresses to newer releases, and there well may be some small differences between IBM-compatible PCs and the Macintosh implementations. While the syntax and communication interfaces will likely change in the future, the functional requirements for solving certain problems will not. The descriptions provided in this appendix are quite detailed nevertheless, some knowledge of spreadsheet operations is presumed. 

The computer program written to describe and implement the mathematical model was run on an APPLE Macintosh personal computer. A listing of the program is not included due to limitations of space. However, sample results obtained from the program for the particular design problem considered in this project are given in Table G4. 

Apple Computer Corporation s Macintosh personal computer is also gaining popularity in the chemical/pharmaceutical industry. However, the availability of software is not as great as for the IBM PC. 

Li, A.S.W. and ChigneU, C.F., STDBII a database for storing, retrieving and analysing spin trapping data on an IBM or Macintosh personal computer. Res. Chem. Intermed., 14, 235,1990. 

The World Wide Web has transformed the way in which we obtain and analyze published information on proteins. What only a few years ago would take days or weeks and require the use of expensive computer workstations can now be achieved in a few minutes or hours using personal computers, both PCs and Macintosh, connected to the internet. The Web contains hundreds of sites of Interest to molecular biologists, many of which are listed in Pedro s BioMolecular Research Tools (http // www.fmi.ch/biology/research tools.html). Many sites provide free access to databases that make it very easy to obtain information on structurally related proteins, the amino acid sequences of homologous proteins, relevant literature references, medical information and metabolic pathways. This development has opened up new opportunities for even non-specialists to view and manipulate a structure of interest or to carry out amino-acid sequence comparisons, and one can now rapidly obtain an overview of a particular area of molecular biology. We shall here describe some Web sites that are of interest from a structural point of view. Updated links to these sites can be found in the Introduction to Protein Structure Web site (http // WWW.ProteinStructure.com/). 

Many government and commercial impairment testing systems can be implemented on standard commercially available personal computer platforms (e.g., PC, Macintosh). Despite software and hardware advancements that have minimized the differences across platforms, it is still important to consider carefully the hardware and software requirements needed to support a system, as these specifications may have important implications for the accuracy of stimulus presentation and the precision of performance measures. In addition, there may be differential costs associated with the hardware and software specifications. The speed of the computer processor is one important specification that requires careful consideration. Other concerns include the amount of memory that is needed to present the test and record the results, the manner in which the data are to be stored, the size and portability of the computer, and the video-display requirements. Some systems... 

A rigorous mathematical model was developed for this system using the correlations and data presented in Refs. Al and A2. The model enabled the sizing of the column and the optimization of tray spacing. It was run on the APPLE Macintosh (512K) personal computer. 

Graphical simulations were performed using the graphing calculator function on an Apple Macintosh PowerPC personal computer. 

Mac is released Apple introduces the Macintosh, a low-cost, plug-and-play personal computer with a user-friendly graphic interface. 

The 68000 was the first 16-b microprocessor to incorporate 32-b internal registers. This asset allowed its selection by designers who set out to port sophisticated operating systems to desktop computers. In some ways, the 68000 was ahead of its time. If IBM had chosen the 68000 series as the core chip for its personal computers, the present state-of-the-art of the desktop machine would be radically different. The 68000 was chosen by Apple for its Macintosh computers. Other computer manufacturers, including Amiga and Atari chose it for its flexibility and its large internal registers. 

Like many others, I worked on mainframe computers in the 1970s, cursing their inflexibility on a frequent basis. The first personal computer I used (in 1979) was a Commodore PET, which used audio cassettes for data storage. The IBM PC was introduced in 1981 but required the user to be fluent in the Disk Operating System (DOS) computer language. DOS was an early Microsoft development, but it was very clumsy. I remember the first time I used an Apple Macintosh in 1984. You switched it on and it just worked. I remember thinking, This is what computers should be like )... 

The software for traversing the Web is called a browser. The earliest of these were Mosaic and Netscape Navigator. Both were free and became widely used. Microsoft s Internet Explorer is a more recent entry. Browsers run on UNIX workstations, personal computers, and Apple Macintosh computers (it has been estimated that because Macs have enjoyed popularity among scientists, these machines have been the most used platform for authoring Web documents). 

Personal computers are widely used for database management and process control. A database is a collection of data organized for rapid retrieval by a computer in data processing operations. The most popular platforms (PC computer systems) are Macintosh,... 

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