Profile retrieval

Although the basic principles of the retrieval of vertical composition profiles from infrared measurements by inversion of the radiative transfer equation are the same as the retrieval of temperature profiles discussed in Section 8.2, the composition problem is usually more difficult to deal with in practice. The optical depth at a given level in the atmosphere is determined by an integration over the optically active gas profile from that level to the effective top of the atmosphere. Calculation of the radiance at the top of the atmosphere then requires an integration of the source function over all optical depths from the lower boundary to the top of the atmosphere. Thus the desired abundance profile is embedded within a double integration. 

Voyager IRIS measurements. The curves with the superposed dots represent the average of 1260 Voyager IRIS spectra of Jupiter, and the curves without dots are spectra calculated from model atmospheres. The major spectral feature centered near 1304 cm is the Q-branch of the v4-band of CH4 while the smaller peak on the low wavenumber shoulder of the major feature is the Q-branch of The l st fit for both features is obtained for comparison 

One approach to the problem of retrieval of gas profiles by inversion is linearization and iteration. The unknown profile is expressed in terms of a set of discrete parameters these may consist of the values of the gas mole fraction at the quadrature points used in the numerical integrations required to calculate the radiance 

We can then expand about a first guess for the qs and obtain to first order 

An alternate approach is to apply a relaxation technique similar to the method of temperature inversion discussed in Subsection 8.2.c. In this case the number of parameters describing the gas profile is chosen equal to the number of wavenumbers for which we have measurements. The radiance at each wavenumber v, is associated with a gas mole fraction qi at the atmospheric level to which the radiance is most sensitive, i.e., near the peak of the contribution function. A first guess, q (i = 1, m), is introduced and used in the radiative transfer equation to calculate a set of radiances, /°(v,). In order to carry out the radiance calculation it is necessary to adopt some form of interpolation between the levels for which q is initially specified. An improved solution g/ is then obtained using the relaxation relation 

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Munro, R., B.J. Kerridge, K.V. Chance and J.P. Burrows (1993) Ozone Profile Retrieval Information from the ESA GOME Instrument. Proceedings of the Quadrennial Ozone Symposium, June 4-13 1992, Charlottesville, Virginia, USA. 

Department of Regional Development and Lands, Pilbara Development Commission. (2011). Pilbara A region in profile. Retrieved from http //www.pdc.wa.gov.au/publicabons/... 

The retrieval method has been used extensively for temperature profile retrieval in both the terrestrial and other planetary atmospheres. Examples of profiles obtained by this technique for Earth, Mars, Jupiter, Saturn, Uranus, and Neptune are shown in Fig. 8.2.2. Also included is a Titan profile obtained from radio occultation data. The profiles for Earth and Mars were derived from measurements obtained with the Fourier transform spectrometers carried on Nimbus 3, 4, and Mariner 9, respectively. In both cases data from the 15 ptm. CO2 absorption band were used. The profiles for the outer planets were obtained by inversion of measurements from the Voyager Fourier transform spectrometers. For Jupiter and Saturn, data from the S(0) and S(l) collision-induced H2 lines between 200 and 600 cm were used, along with measurements from the CH4 V4-band centered near 1300 cm . Because of the extremely low temperatures encountered on Uranus and Neptune, adequate signal-to-noise ratio for the retrieval of vertical thermal stmctures was obtained... 

The RMC HARIS (Hazards and Reliability Information System) programs provide organizations with a data ban)c of reliability, maintainability, accident, and source-abstract data. The programs permit the input of information in a standard data sheet format. Search capability is built into the programs for retrieval of these data sheets against specific search profiles. HARIS presently contains over 4400 data sheets. 

Once a product gains FDA approval for marketing, the sponsor should maintain a readily retrievable profile of commercial batches. This includes individual batch release data and stability data. These data should be compiled throughout the year and tabulated prior to the anniversary of NDA approval for submission in the annual product report to FDA. By maintaining an ongoing database, which is reviewed as new information is added, changing trends in the data can be observed and management notified if any of these trends are unfavorable. 

Visualizing a Set of Pure Distortion Profiles. After Fourier back-transformation, we retrieve a set of reduced profiles that are only determined by lattice-distortion... 

Figure 6.12 Examples of the UK NEQAS Control Cell Lines showing damaged morphology and incorrect IHC profile due to over retrieval. See color insert.

Fig. 2. Top panel Observed (UVES POP [1]) and synthetic Ha profiles of the field star HD 140283. The unmerged data (2001-07-09, frame 570) was retrieved from [1] and rectified using a parabola interpolated from the continua of adjacent orders. A best-fit Teff of 5760 K (at log <7 = 3.67 and [Fe/H] = —2.4, neither critical) is indicated.

Bottom panel Observed and synthetic Ha profiles for HD 140283 (black 5760K, grey 5560 K). The data was retrieved from the VLT archive (observing date 2000-06-15), reduced using REDUCE and rectified using parabolic fits to the continua in adjacent orders. Notice the variable telluric features which somewhat suppress the blue wing. An effective temperature of 5560 K (best estimate of [3]) is clearly too low, 5760 K (derived from the UVES POP spectrum) too high. At a S/N of 150, observational systematic errors are thus of the order of at least 100 K. 

Searching through Databases Applications of network BLAST server, 266, 131 Entrez molecular biology database and retrieval system, 266, 141 applying motif and profile searches,... 

At the level of individual hits, the database can be queried to retrieve either marketed BioPrint drugs that have that same activity, or the ADR associations discussed in the previous section can be queried to identify potential ADRs and their relative risks. At the profile level, compounds with similar profiles can be identified using standard statistical methods such as similarity metrics and hierarchical clustering. This similarity can be assessed using the whole panel of assays or by using selected subsets of those assays as determined by the user. Once compounds with similar profiles have been identified, in vivo data for the similar compoimds can be accessed and examined for information that may permit the user to anticipate in vivo effects. 

PGVL Hub for reactant monomer retrieval, virtual product enumeration, molecular property calculation, product property profiling, and exporting virtual product structures for subsequent docking... 

Fig. 2. Overview of pulse shaping results, (a) and (b) depict measured SHG FROG traces before and after adaptive phase correction, respectively. Corresponding retrieved traces are displayed in (c) and (d). (e) Shows fundamental spectrum (shaded contour) measured at the crystal location in the FROG apparatus and the spectrum recovered by the FROG retrieval algorithm (open circles). Dash-dotted curve represents spectral phase prior to adaptive shaping, whereas dashed curve shows the optimized phase, (f) Initial (solid curve) and optimized (shaded contour) temporal intensity profiles. Dashed curve depicts temporal phase of the optimized pulse.

Thermal emission spectroscopy can be used in middle- and far-infrared spectral regions to make stratospheric measurements, and it has been applied to a number of important molecules with balloon-borne and satellite-based detection systems. In this approach, the molecules of interest are promoted to excited states through collisions with other molecules. The return to the ground state is accompanied by the release of a photon with energy equal to the difference between the quantum states of the molecule. Therefore, the emission spectrum is characteristic of a given molecule. Calculation of the concentration can be complicated because the emission may have originated from a number of stratospheric altitudes, and this situation may necessitate the use of computer-based inversion techniques (24-27) to retrieve a concentration profile. 

Hg Concentrations in Sediments A typical Hg concentration profile in profundal sediment cores from Little Rock Lake Treatment Basin is shown in Figure 3. Mercury concentrations range from about 50-185 ng/g (dry weight). Similar concentrations were observed by Rada et al. (35) in Little Rock Reference Basin (6-205 ng/g for surface grabs across the lake, including sandy sediments) and by R. Rada (University of Wisconsin, LaCrosse, personal communication) for Little Rock Treatment Basin (3-220 ng/g for similarly retrieved surface grabs). The decrease in concentration toward the top... 

The sensitivity of this technique has improved significantly during the last two decades, as the detector noise has been reduced. The first retrievals exploiting this technique were made from the ground based systems vertical profiles being inverted... 

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