Equation radiative transfer

Finally, the luminosity can be derived from the radiative transfer equation Eq. (5.21)... 

Up to now, the sdB/sdOB stars, the classical sdOs and the extremely helium-rich luminous sdOs have been analyzed for the most important (and accessible) metal abundances. The analyses usually require extensive non-LTE line formation calculations to solve the statistical equilibrium in detailed model atoms simultaneously with the radiative transfer equations for all relevant frequencies. With the advent of computer codes based on modern powerful solution algorithms (Auer and Heasley, 1976 Werner and Husfeld, 1985) it has now become possible to test (and eventually remove) approximations necessary in older computations. This and the availability of improved atomic data make the non-LTE predictions more reliable, and obstacles in obtaining accurate abundance determinations come now mainly from the observational side where high-quality spectra are needed to identify and to measure weak... 

Klier (1972) deduced that for 0.6 < p < 1, which corresponds to 0.13 > F(P) > 0, the Kubelka-Munk absorption coefficient should be nearly proportional to the true absorption coefficient. Deviations from the proportionality up to a factor of two occurred for lower reflectance values. In the range p > 0.6, the Kubelka-Munk function should be nearly proportional to the absorber concentration. Through comparison with the radiative-transfer equation formulated by Chandrashekhar (1960), Klier related the phenomenological coefficients to the true absorption and scattering coefficients a and [Pg.142]

Chapter 6 describes solar-powered photocatalytic reactors for the conversion of organic water pollutants. Nonconcentrating reactors are identified as some of the most energetically efficient units. It is reported that the absorption of radiation is a critical parameter in the efficiency reactor evaluation. The radiative transfer equation (RTE) solution under the simplified conditions given by the PI approximation is proposed for these assessments. 

The ratio of the slopes of the regression lines mil m2 gives the transmittance r. If the sea surface temperature gradient is much larger than the moisture gradient, that is, AL AL, then by the radiative-transfer equation, r = AL/AL, and r = mi/m2 (11),... 

Radiative transfer equation equation of transfer Long plug flow furnace model Source-sink refractory model Well-stirred combustion chamber model Weighted sum of gray gases spectral model... 

Now the radiative transfer equation can be derived. Consider a ray of radiation passing through a participating medium. This ray will be attenuated along the path S. The amount of attenuation or change is related to the starting intensity and the distance it travels ... 

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