Productivity centrifugal filtration

The solvent is removed from the solid product by filtration or centrifugation to afford a crude Copper Phthalocyanine Blue of a quality that makes intermediate purification unnecessary. In contrast to the product obtained by the baking process, this material is pure enough to be used directly for further pigment manufacture. Crude Copper Phthalocyanine Blue, on the other hand, which evolves as the solvent is removed by distillation, contains so many impurities that it must be boiled before being utilized further. 

The DCL was created under standard disulfide exchange conditions at pH 7.5. After equilibration for 48 hours, each of the expected 15 disulfide products could be observed in the library using LC-MS analysis (Fig. 2.11). The library was then equilibrated in the presence of CaM, followed by a centrifugation filtration step to separate protein/bound components from free components in solution. Analysis of the filtrate was complicated by the filtration membrane affecting the composition of the library. The bound components, however, provided meaningful results. Denaturation and filtration afforded a mixture of all peptides that had bound to CaM in the course of the DCL. HPLC analysis indicated significant amplification of dimer cc (80%) and a small amplification of dimer ec (10%). Resynthesis of these two components and binding assay established values of 10 and... 

Biomass separation of insoluble from soluble material, with either phase being retained depending on the location of the product as intracellular or extracellular material. Examples of unit operations commonly used include centrifugation, filtration, and sedimentation. 

Synthesis. The early PP plants used a slurry process adopted from polyethylene technology. An inert liquid hydrocarbon diluent, such as hexane, was stirred in an autoclave at temperatures and pressures sufficient to keep 10-20 percent of the propylene monomer concentrated in the liquid phase. The traditional catalyst system was the crystalline, violet form ofTiCl3 and A1C1(C2H5)2. Isotactic polymer particles that were formed remained in suspension and were removed as a 20-40 percent solid slurry while the atactic portion remained as a solution in the liquid hydrocarbon. The catalyst was deactivated and solubilized by adding HC1 and alcohol. The iPP was removed by centrifuging, filtration, or aqueous extraction, and the atactic portion was recovered by evaporation of the solvent. The first plants were inefficient because of low catalyst productivity and low crystalline yields. With some modifications to the catalyst system, basically the same process is in use today. 

One other application is the automation of a method for the determination of total vitamin C in foods [51]. Here, the robotic station is used for homogenization of the sample, weighing, addition of an extractant, centrifugation, filtration and clean-up through a C j( column. After this treatment, the sample is manually transferred to the FI autosampler. A derivatizing reaction is implemented along the FI manifold to obtain a fluorescent product prior to insertion into the spectrofluorimeter. Although not specifically stated, the information produced is also transferred manually between both systems. 

James K. McGillicuddy, B.S.M.E. Product Manager, Filtration Centrifuges and Filters,... 

A laboratory centrifuge such as the Beaker design (Heinkel) can also simulate the operation of a filtering centrifuge and verify product characteristics, filtration rates and wash requirements. Various filter cloths can also be tried using only one liter samples. 

As mentioned above, the catalysts employed in multipurpose reactors are usually suspended as small solid particles in the liquid containing the compounds to be processed. The above-mentioned weight fractions of catalyst from 0.07 to about 2.5 % (w/w) are common in slurry reactors. Together with the reaction products most of the catalyst is removed from the reactor and the catalyst is subsequently separated from the reaction products by filtration or centrifugation in a special unit. Heavy catalyst particles are often attractive, because the catalyst can be separated from the reaction products merely by settling and decanting the liquid. 

The ammoxidation reaction can, on the other hand, be performed continuously in fixed-bed and fluid-bed reactors, and by-products (particularly CO2) can be easily removed. The fluidized bed has some advantages in terms of heat transfer but demands are made on the mechanical durability of the catalyst and so catalyst choice is limited. The long-term stability of the catalysts is also important and so multicomponent systems are recommended [e.g. 1,12]. The separation of the nitrile formed can be achieved by condensation, centrifugation, filtration, or rectification. Sometimes the formation of hazardous by-products (HCN, CO) must be considered. 

James K. McGMIkuddy, B.S.M.E. Product Manager, Filtration Centrifuges and Filters, Krauss Maffei Process Technology, Inc. (Sec. 18, Liquid-Solid Operations and Equipment)... 

The first reactors used to make HOPE were based on a solution process. This had the advante es of small reactor size, short residence time, and the possibility of removing catalyst particles from the product by filtration or centrifugation. Dupont Canada later took advantage of the high operating temperature, 150 °C, for the incorporation of octene comonomer to make Sclair LLDPE. 

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