Production of 1,3-Propanediol

Completely biodegradable polyesters using different aliphatic acids and 1,3-PD have been prepared and studied [9 -11]. The properties of the prepared polyesters are directly expanded from the methylene groups of afiphatic acids but the main advantage of these are that they have high biodegradation rates, compared to the traditional polyesters such as PEA, PEA, and PBSu. 

In thermoplastic urethanes (TPUs), use of 1,3-PD can lead to improved thermal and hydrolytic as well as thermal dimensional stabihty [ 12]. In engine coolant formulations, 1,3-PD demonstrates improved heat stability, less corrosion (especially to lead solder), and lower toxicity than ethylene glycol coolants. Owing to these advantages, the production of new PPT fibers and other apphcations has 

For the microbial production of 1,3-PD from glucose or technical glycerol, the substrate cost can make up to about half of the whole production cost. To reduce the cost of substrate, two strategies can be followed use of cheaper substrate or increase in the product yield. As regards the yield, the theoretically maximal yield 

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Strains Kl, K2 and K3 were used for the production of 1,3-propanediol under aerobic conditions. The conditions described in the Experimental section were used the starting concentration of glycerol was 30% by mass. Table 8.2 summarizes the results obtained. Strain K2 is the most active, showing a 47% conversion of glycerol after 144h and the best selectivity towards 1,3-propanediol. 

In this article, recent progress in the microbial production of 1,3-propanediol (1,3-PD) is reviewed. This special case is used to illustrate the promise and some of the critical constraints of biological processes as compared to the chemical processes. General trends and research needs in the utiHzation of renewable resources are briefly discussed. 

Hydroxypropanal. 3-Hydroxypropanal can be formed by fermentation of glucose and is thus an attractive starting material for production of 1,3-propanediol, which can be polymerized with /ere-phthalic acid to produce poly trimethylene terephthalate (PTT). PTT is used in the fibers industry in the production of stain resistant carpets etc. 

The seventh and final paper, "Development of a Fermentation-Based Process for 1,3-Propanediol Highlights of a Successful Path from Corn to Textile Fiber," by Tyler Ames of DuPont, reviewed the multiyear effort by DuPont and its development partners (Genecor International and Tate Lyle) to commercialize a new biocatalytic process for the production of 1,3-propanediol (PDO), a key ingredient in DuPont s new Sorona advanced polymer platform. PDO is currently being produced at pilot scale at Tate Lyle s Decatur, IL, site, and construction of a commercial-scale facility is expected to begin soon. 

Dunn-Coleman NS, Diaz-Torres M, Chase MW, Trimbur D (1998) Method for the recombinant production of 1,3-propanediol using protein x, protein 1, protein 2, and protein 3 for dehydratase reactivation. WO 98/21341... 

Hirschmann, S., Baganz, K., Koschik, I. and Vorlop, K.-D. 2005. Development of an Integrated Bioconversion Process for the Production of 1,3-Propanediol from Raw Glycerol Waters. 

Papanikolaou, S., Muniglia, L., Chevalot, I., Aggelis, G. and Marc, I. 2002. Yarrowia Lipolytica as a Potential Producer of Citric Acid from Raw Glycerol. J. Appl. Microbiol., 92, 737-744. Papanikolaou, S., Ruiz-Sanchez, P., Pariset, B., Blanchard, F. and Fick, M. 2000. High Production of 1,3-Propanediol from Industrial Glycerol by a Newly Isolated Clostridium Butyricum Strain. J. Biotechnol., 77, 191-208. 

Other Uses of Ethylene Oxide. About 2 percent of ethylene oxide is consumed in miscellaneous applications, such as its use as a raw material in manufacture of choline, ethylene chlorohydrin, hydroxyethyl starch, and hydrox-yethyl cellulose and its direct use as a fumigant/ sterilant. Production of 1,3-propanediol via hydroformylation of ethylene oxide was begun on a commercial scale in 1999. 1,3-Propanediol is a raw material for polytrimethylene terephthalate, which finds uses in fibers, injection molding, and in film. Use of ethylene oxide in making 1,3-propanediol is expected to be as much as 185 million lb by 2004, up from 12 million lb in 1999. 

Nakamura, C. and Whited, G., Metabolic engineering for the microbial production of 1,3 propanediol. Curr Opin... 

A spin-off effect of the recent enormous increase in biodiesel production is that the coproduct, glycerol, has become a low-priced commodity chemical. Consequently, there is currently considerable interest in finding new applications of glycerol [204]. One possibility is to use glycerol as the feedstock for fermentative production of 1,3-propanediol (see earlier). 

Cost-effective production of 1,3-propanediol, a new feedstock for polyesters, using a genetically engineered fermentation pathway (DuPont, 2003) ... 

Hirschmann, S. K. Baganz I. Koschik K.-D. Vorlop. Development of an integrated bioconversion process for the production of 1,3-propanediol from raw glycerol esters. Landhauforschung Vdlken-rode 2005, 55, 261-267. 

Several catalysts were investigated for this protecting step and the best appeared to be acidic montmorillonite. In a typical reaction sequence (see Figure 11.4 for (by-) pro ducts) [12], DAC could be obtained in 83.5% selectivity, which is too low for an industrial production of 1,3-propanediol. 

Biebl H, Menzel K, Zeng AP (1999) Microbial production of 1,3-propanediol. Appl Microbiol Biotechnol 52 289-297... 

Naribayashi, I., and Sasaki, Y. (2008) Production of 1,3-propanediol by hydrogenolysis of glycerol catalyzed by Pt/W03/Zr02. Catal. Commuru, 9, 1360-1363. 

TABLE 11.1 Typical Results of Microbial Production of 1,3-Propanediol Using Different Bacteria Species... 

Chatzifragkou A, Papanikolaou S, Dietz D, Doulgeraki Al, Nychas GJE, Zeng AP. (2011). Production of 1,3-propanediol by Glostridhon butyricum growing on biodiesel-derived crude glycerol through a non-sterilized fermentation process. Appl Microbiol Biotechnol, 91,101-112. 

Chen X, Zhang DJ, Qi WT, Gao SJ, Xiu ZL, Xu P. (2003h). Microhial fed-batch production of 1,3-propanediol by Klebsiella pneumoniae under micro-aerobic conditions. Appl Micmbiol Biotechnol, 63,143-146. 

Cheng KK, Zhang JA, Liu DH, Sun Y, Yang MD, Xu JM. (2006). Production of 1,3-propanediol hy Klebsiella pneumoniae from glycerol broth. Biotechnol Lett, 28, 1817-1821. 

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