Production of Oils and Fats

Sustainable production of oils and fats starts from sustainable crop plantations and livestock husbandry. Based on Good International Industry Practice (GIIP) as technical reference, Environmental, Health and Safety (EHS) Guidelines for crop plantation and crop production regulate environmental 

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Fig. 4.1 World production of oils and fats in 2003 (in million tonnes) and main uses. (Source Oil World).

During the 15 years (1993-2008) covered in Table 14, production of oils and fats is expected to rise 69% from 86.8 to 146.7 million tons and exports are expected to double, rising from 25.3 to 50.8 million tons. Comparisons between production and exports of oils and fats are sometimes complicated by the fact that for oilseeds, there is trade in oilseeds as well as in the extracted oils. This does not apply to palm oil traded only as oil. 

Figure 4. World production of oils and fats for the year 2000-2001. Total production of 117.1 million metric tons. (Source Canadian Grains Council, Statistical Handbook 2001.)...

Diesel Substitute. Vegetable oils were used as motor fuel by Rudolf Diesel in 1900 when demonstrating his compression engines (116). Since then many publications referring to similar usage of cracked products of oils and fats have been published. 

Peroxide value is the most widely used method (AOCS methods Cd S-53 and Cd 8b-90) to determine the quality of the oil. The primary oxidation products of oils and fats are the hydroperoxides. They can be quantitatively measured by determining the amount of iodine liberated by their reaction with potassium iodide. The peroxide content is expressed in terms of milliequivalents of iodine per kilogram of fat. However, when these hydroperoxides start breaking down to produce off-flavor compounds, correlation to the quality and stability of the oil will no longer be valid. Freshly deodorized oil should have zero peroxide value. In most cases, for the product to have acceptable storage stability, the peroxide value of oils used should be less than 1.0 meq/kg fat at the point of use. 

World production of oils and fats—currently about 117 million tonnes per annum—comes from vegetable and animal sources. Oil World publications recognise 17 commodity oils, of which four are of animal origin. The remainder are from vegetable sources and the following chapters of this book cover all these except castor oil, which is used solely for industrial purposes. The statements made in this section are supported by the detailed information in the accompanying Tables. 

Of the total production of oils and fats, about 80% is used for food purposes (which will be described here in appropriate chapters), 6% is used in animal feed, and the remaining 14% provides the basis of the oleochemical industry (Gunstone and Hamilton 2001). 

Annual production of oils and fats in 2000/01 is expected to be about 117 million tonnes. Given an average price range of 300-500 per tonne, this indicates a total value of 35-60 billion for the year s oils and fats production. 

Rapeseed/canola oil (Table 1.10) now occupies the third position in rank order of production of oils and fats. Using local seeds and/or imported seeds the oil... 

Imports into China and India. Through the operation of the market, the production of oils and fats and their disappearance remain approximately in... 

Total World Production of Oils and Fats by Commodity (in 1000 tonnes)... 

Information on world production of oils and fats is summarized in Table 3.149 but it is of interest to note some significant predictions for the future. The editor of Oil World Oil World, 1983) has reviewed the production of oils and fats for the past 25 years (1958-1982) and has made informed predictions for the next 25 years (1983-2007). His major conclusions are summarized in Table 3.1. The most significant conclusion is the greatly increased production of palm oil from a quinquennial average of 4.50 MT in 1978-82 to 23 MT in 2003-2007. This leads to an increase in the market share from 8 to 22% bringing it equal to soybean oil. Soya is expected to maintain... 

Table 3.1 World production of oils and fats (MT) in the quinquennium 1978-1982 and predicted for 2003-2007 (annual averages) (market share given in parenthesis)...

Potassium decanoate, 359 Potassium permanganate, 274 Potassium soaps, 328,359,361 Potato lipoxygenase, 458 Poultry adipose tissue, 556 Pre-pressing, 186 Premier jus, 98,124 see also Beef tallow Primary alcohol esters, 143 Primary alcohols, 146 Prins reaction, 476 Pristane, occurrence, 138,148 Pristanic acid, 16 Process control, 217 Procetofen, 540 Production control, 217 Production of oils and fats fish oils, 130 butter, 219... 

NIR-Raman has been introduced for use into the food processing industry. In the production of oils and fats, the determination of the amount of unsaturation, such as cis and trans isomers, can be important for food processing and food labeling. NIR-Raman was reported to measure the total unsaturation and the cis and trans isomers online during the production process. Fluorescence interference with visible excitation of many fats was... 

Ratledge, C. (1976) Microbial production of oils and fats, in Food from Waste, eds. G.G. Birch, K.J. Parker and J.T. Worgan, Elsevier Applied Sdence, London, pp. 98-113. 

Wynn, J.P., Ratledge, C., 2006. Microbial production of oils and fats. In Sheetty, K., Paliyath, G., Pometto, A., Levin, R. (Eds.), Food Biotechnology. Taylor Francis Group LLC, Boca Raton, London, New York, pp. 443—472. 

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