Production by fermentation

To obtain reproducible antibiotic production by fermentation, it is necessary to obtain a pure culture of the producing organism. Pure cultures are isolated from mixed soil sample populations by various streaking and isolation techniques on nutrient media. Once a pure culture has been found that produces a new antibiotic typically on a mg/L scale, improvement in antibiotic yield is accompHshed by modification of the fermentation medium or strain selection and mutation of the producing organism. Production of g/L quantities may take years to accomplish. 

Poly(malic acid) is of pharmaceutical interest because its chemical derivatives may harbor both tissue-specific homing molecules and therapeutic effectors to be used for tissue (tumor) targeting in chemotherapy [2]. Because of its efficient production by fermentation, its biodegradability and nontoxicity, it is also considered as raw material in the industrial production of detergents, glues, and plastic materials. 

Ethanol was one of the first organic chemicals to be prepared and purified. Its production by fermentation of grains and sugars has been carried out for perhaps 9000 years, and its purification by distillation goes back at least as far as the 12th century. Today, approximately 4 billion gallons of ethanol is produced... 

In this chapter we consider amino acid production by fermentation and by chemo-enzymatic methods. We first consider the stereochemistry of amino adds and the importance of chirality in chemical synthesis. General approaches to amino add fermentation and recovery of amino adds from fermentation broths are then dealt with, followed by a detailed consideration of the production of L-phenylalanine by direct fermentation. Later in this chapter, chemo-enzymatic methods of amino acid... 

Bauer, W. and Rottenbacher, L., Utilisation des lits fluidises gaz-solide en bio-technologie application a la production d ethanol par fermentation [Use of gas-solid fluidized beds in biotechnology application to ethanol production by fermentation], Entropie, 124 (1985) 18-23. 

VI. Conversion of Sucrose into Other Products by Fermentation Processes. 322... 

Development of hydrogen production via electrolysis from electricity generated by wind energy. Biohydrogen. Hydrogen production by fermentation using wastes. 

Other important raw material uses of ethyl alcohol are conversion to esters and ethers, vinegar, ethyl chloride, butadiene, styrene, and chloral (for DDT). Nearly all the new developments in chemicals from ethyl alcohol, particularly the four-, six-, and eight-carbon derivatives are based on alcohol derived from petroleum. The butyl alcohol and butyl acetate so made supplement the production by fermentation and from oxidation of hydrocarbons and synthesis gas operations. The consumption of ethyl alcohol for all industrial uses (denatured alcohol) exceeded 1.2 billion pounds (100% basis) in 1950. More than 700,000,000 pounds of this were made from petroleum. 

Ethanol production by fermentation at high substrate concentrations see Section 7.6. 

Recent studies have proven ethanol to be an ideal liquid fuel for transportation and renewable lignocellulosic biomass to be an attractive feedstock for ethanol fuel production by fermentation (1,2). The major fermentable sugars from hydrolysis of lignocellulosic biomass, such as rice and wheat straw, sugarcane bagasse, corn stover, corn fiber, softwood, hardwood, and grasses, are D-glucose and D-xylose except that softwood... 

The use of CSL resulted in the production of 6.29 g/L of total ABE, compared with 6.86 g/L achieved in the control experiment. These studies were performed at a dilution rate of 0.32 h / The productivities in the control and CSL experiments were 2.19 and 2.01 g/(L-h), respectively. Although the use of CSL resulted in a 10% decrease in ABE productivity, it is viewed that application of CSL would be economical for butanol production by fermentation. It was also demonstrated that inclusion of butyrate in the feed was beneficial to the butanol fermentation. A control experiment produced 4.77 g/L of total ABE, and the experiment supplemented with butyrate produced 5.70 g/L of total ABE. The butanol concentration increased from 3.14 to 4.04 g/L. Inclusion of acetate in the feed medium of the immobilized cell biofilm reactor was not beneficial to the ABE fermentation, as reported previously for the batch ABE fermentation. 

Alcohol Production by Fermentation", Les Usines de Melle Canadian Patent No. 348,549... 

Finally, fermentation of endophytic fungi from higher plants has also been considered for the production of plant natural products. Fungal fermentation is much simpler than plant tissue culture but, at least for paclitaxel, production by fermentation of various Taxus endophytic fungi was lower compared with that of plant cells.35... 

Amino acid production by fermentation started around 1960 in Japan. Initially glutamic acid was the main product. It was sold as sodium salt, monosodium glutamate (MSG), a flavor enhancer on oriental cuisine. Other amino acids soon followed. They are used in food and feed to increase the efficiency of low protein substrates. Microbiologically produced enzymes were introduced around 1970. They are used in grain processing, sugar production, fruit juice clarification, and as detergent additives (Table 9.1). 

Saha, B. C., Commodity chemicals production by fermentation An overview, ACS Symposium Series, 862, 3-17, 2003. 

Table 6.3. Life-cycle impacts from production by fermentation of agricultural waste, as yet poorly quantified. Transportation impacts include greenhouse gas warming, air pollution and traffic accidents, assuming current vehicles such as diesel trucks. See caption to Table 6.1 (with use of Sorensen, 2004c).

---