Production and Reserves

Enrope (EEC) remains the largest importer of phosphate but is now a negligible producer. India, the second largest importer, is increasing phosphate rock production, but much of the rest of Asia, with the exception of China, appears to have insufficient resources to meet its requironents now or in the foreseeable future. China continues to expand production, which in 2007 surpassed that of the United States for the first time. 

The 1989 peak of 166 x 10 tons in world phosphate rock production was followed by a fall to 120 X 10 tons in 1993, although some individual countries, notably China, have since increased their output considerably. This has led to world recovery, and, according to 2008 estimates (Table 2.8), the previous (1993) total has again been reached [5,5a]. The latest available estimates, for 2009 production, indicate further expansion by China against a background of a slight fall by many other countries. However a steady growth in overall world production is predicted in the present century. 

Countries in Table 2.8 nearly all have estimated reserves in excess of 10 tons. Other locations such as Alaska, Australia and Peru are believed to have reserves in excess of 10 tons, but European reserves are very scattered and amount in total to 10 tons. 

Reliable figures for many phosphate rock reserves are difficult to obtain since conflicting data have been published and estimates are continually being revised. Reserves are considered by most authorities to be that part of the known resources which can be at present profitably recovered. Revision will be necessary whenever new deposits are discovered or if significant advances are made in technology. If only present economically workable deposits are considered, Moroccan (and Western Sahara) reserves (20,000-50,000 million tons) exceed the combined resources of the United States, Russia and China. Other estimates (2009) have put world reserves at -18,000 million tons, of which China and Morocco probably hold about 1/3 each. South Africa and the United States around 6-8% each and Australia about 1%. 

Significant deposits in Canada (N. Ontario and British Columbia) are under investigation as well as some in new parts of Australia (Table 2.9). 

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Fluorine, which does not occur freely in nature except for trace amounts in radioactive materials, is widely found in combination with other elements, accounting for ca 0.065 wt % of the earth s cmst (4). The most important natural source of fluorine for industrial purposes is the mineral fluorspar [14542-23-5] CaF2, which contains about 49% fluorine. Detailed annual reports regarding the worldwide production and reserves of this mineral are available (5). A more complete discussion of the various sources of fluorine-containing minerals is given elsewhere (see Fluorine compounds, inorganic). 

Other countries that have large iron ore deposits include Brazil (Carajas and Quaddlatero Ferrifero deposits), AustraUa (Pilbara deposits), Ukraine (Krivi Rog deposit), Russia (Kursk deposit), Venezuela (Cerro BoHvar deposit), India (Bihar-Orissa, Hospet, Kudremukh, and Goa deposits). South Africa (Sishen and Thabazimbi deposits), and Sweden (Kimna, Svappavaara, and Malmberget deposits). A Hst of world iron ore production and reserves in 1992 by country is shown in Table 3. 

As a first case study, we borrow from the modeling work of Rowan (1991), who considered the origin of fluorite (CaF2) veins in the Albigeois district of the southwest Massif Central, France. Production and reserves for the district as a whole total about 7 million metric tons, making it comparable to the more famous deposits of southern Illinois and western Kentucky, USA. 

Table 9 World production and reserves. Geographic distribution for Mo, W and Co (million t)...

In countries with high demand and insufficient reserves of the natural product, the demand for soda ash must be met either with imports or by producing the so-called synthetic product. Deposits of salt and limestone, the primary raw materials needed to produce the synthetic product, are readily available in many parts of the world. In 2003, China became a major world producer of synthetic soda ash, surpassing the United States, the world s leading producer for over 100 years, by producing 11.1 million tons.7 Data on soda ash production and reserves are given in Table 26.3. 

TABLE 26.3 World Production and Reserves of Soda Ash (1000 Metric Tons)... 

In the twenty-first century, YUKOS has become the second largest oil company in terms of oil production and reserves in Russia. 

Thorough an analysis of the situation of Chinese coal production and reserve, macro-economy and safe production, the main constrains of coal... 

Table 5,2. World Production and Reserves of Natural Gas and Petroleum... 

Figure 1. Estimated World mine production and reserves for cobalt in 2011 (source USGS commodity summary 2012) [1]...

Important structures typically include stable intermediates and transition states. In this paper, I will use the term intermediate to refer to any structure between reactants and products and reserve the term stable intermediate for the longer lived species that chemists usually refer to as intermediates. 

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