Steady growth

The main development in medical diagnostic reagents since the 1960s has been the steady growth of dry (soHd-phase) chemistry systems. Dry chemistry systems have made substantial gains over wet clinical analysis in the number of tests performed in hospitals, laboratories, and homes because of ease, rehabiUty, and accuracy. 

Demand. The demand for uranium in the commercial sector is primarily determined by the requirements of power reactors. At the beginning of 1993, there were 424 nuclear power plants operating worldwide, having a combined capabity of about 330 GWe. Moderate but steady growth is projected for nuclear capacity to the year 2010. The capacity in 2010 is expected to be about 446 GWe (29). 

Projections for the 1990s show steady growth in nuclear capacity to 446 GWe by the year 2010, representing a 30% increase. 

Although carbon electrode production has been regarded as a mature business, the steady growth in demand and the need for improved electrodes has prompted ongoing development efforts in these areas (/) cost containment through raw material substitutions and process improvements (2) higher purity electrodes for those processes such as siUcon production (J) improvements in thermal shock resistance to enhance electrode performance and (4) better joining systems for prebakes. 

About 65% of the lithium is used as a ceU-bath additive in aluminum production and in ceramics and glass. Lithium batteries enjoy increasing popularity leading to steady growth in this market. Other uses are in lubricants and synthetic mbber (46). Since lithium is a light, strong metal, it finds apphcations in aerospace metals and alloys where a light metal is needed (see Lithiumand lithium compounds). 

It was estimated that 1990 U.S. citric acid and citrate salt consumption was 152,000 t. Citric acid represents approximately 90% of this volume. This citric acid/citrate use and its historical distribution in various markets is described in Table 9. From Table 9 it can be seen that although citric acid usage in the United States has shown steady growth at an average aimual rate of 4.4% from 1986—1990, the end use patterns have been quite stable. 

The value of United States coatings consumption in 1991 reached a record 13.6 bUHon, continuing the slow but steady growth in doUar value that has occurred over many years. For comparison, the value in 1986 was 9.6 bUHon (1). 

Expressed as percentages of total annual synthetic mbber consumption worldwide, EPM and EPDM have increased from 0% in 1964 to 10.6% in 1990, as shown in Table 4. Contrary to the general-purpose elastomers such as NR, SBR, and BR, EPM and EPDM still show a steady growth over the years. Part of this growth stiU comes from replacement of these commodity mbbers by virtue of thek better o2one and thermal resistance. 

There has been a steady growth ia the economic importance of therapeutic ensymes, with sales reaching hundreds of millions of dollars per year as of 1992. Table 2 Hsts the trade names and costs of some of the more commonly prescribed enzyme preparations. Despite the magnitude of use of these products, the manufacture and sale of therapeutic enzymes represents a comparatively small fraction of the production and profits of the pharmaceutical houses that market them. 

Phosphate is sometimes present in MU water sources (say, 1-2 ppm or more) usually as a result of field and factory run-off or from the deliberate addition as a city water threshold agent to prevent corrosion and deposition in the mains. The steady growth in the reuse of secondary water sources such as municipal and industrial waste waters means that phosphate is increasingly likely to be present in MU. If the phosphate remains undetected, it likely will scale and foul FW lines by forming amorphous calcium orthophosphate [tricalcium phosphate Caj(P04)2] sludge before it reaches the boiler section. 

Experiments were carried out by varying the amount of inoculum (10, 15 and 20 % v/v) to determine the optimal quantity which ensures a steady growth. The time course of growth of the cell suspensions, inoculated with the corresponding amount of inoculum was traced by day-to-day determining the yield of dry cell biomass (7), while the time course of biosynthesis of extracellular polysaccharides was followed by their daily determination, using the carbazole method (9). 

Figure 6. An example of the use of to assess the growth rate of Mn nodules taken from Krishnaswami et al. (1982). Both panels show the same °Thxs data from nodule RN Vitiaz from the Southern Indian Oeean. Errors on the activities are within symbol size. The lower panel shows the hxs activity, while the upper panel shows the same data normalized to the Th activity. Note that both profiles show a general exponential decrease which can be used to assess the growth rate using the relationship that °Thxs ° = 230j jj imtiai g-X23ot showu ou both panels are for a steady growth rate of 1.15 mmMyr.

The steady growth in contamination is evident. Firstly, throughout the entire USSR, the most contaminated class of basic food products was that of vegetable... 

Some of the key drivers responsible for a steady growth in the consumer base of FLs are ... 

The steady-state potential (or current density) is related to a steady growth of the porous oxide into the solution, maintaining a constant number of pores and a constant pore radius. This scheme is supported by electron microscopic observations reported by Xu et a/.102... 

Typical observed lateral size a of an ECSC in specimens 11 K, 29 K, and 100 K is plotted against At for a AT = 4.2 K in Fig. 21. a increased linearly with an increase of At for all Mn, that shows that the growth of an ECSC was steady growth for all Mn. The slopes of the lines decreased with increasing Mn where the slope was in proportion to V. Therefore, this indicates that V decreased with an increase of Mn. 

A striking feature of disperse dye development in recent decades has been the steady growth in bathochromic azo blue dyes to replace the tinctorially weaker and more costly anthraquinone blues. One approach is represented by heavily nuclei-substituted derivatives of N,N-disubstituted 4-aminoazobenzenes, in which electron donor groups (e.g. 2-acylamino-5-alkoxy) are introduced into the aniline coupler residue and acceptor groups (acetyl, cyano or nitro) into the 2,4,6-positions of the diazo component. A PPP-MO study of the mobility of substituent configurations in such systems demonstrated that coplanarity of the two aryl rings could only be maintained if at least one of the 2,6-substituents was cyano. Thus much commercial research effort was directed towards these more bathochromic o-cyano-substituted dyes. 

The pores at the surface are smaller than those in the bulk of PS as, for example, shown in Figure 11, 8,16,24 Such an increase in pore diameter from the surface to bulk is due to the transition from pore initiation to steady growth. Also, two-layer PS, a micro PS layer on top of a macro PS can form for on illuminated n-Si or on lowly doped p-Si. For the micro PS layer formed on front illuminated n-Si, pore diameter is less than 2 nm and thickness of PS changes with illumination intensity and the amount of charge passed. Also, the diameter of macro pores on front illuminated n-Si changes with the amount of charge Passed.20 Pore size and depth variation of PS on n-Si are very different for front and back illuminated n-Si samples. 

Table 2.12 (after statistics from the American Plastics Council) displays some estimations of consumptions, market shares and average annual growth rates (AACTR) for thermoplastics in North America. The American market shares are close to the global values with a steady growth rate, roughly 5-6% per annum. 

Figure 10 shows an example of the large particle population distribution for an abused silica slurry. Steady growth in slurry agglomerates can be detected by looking at the small number of large wafer-scratching particles. This information can be combined with other metrics to assess overall slurry health. 

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