Product-producing spheres

This chapter presents two basic sphere types product-producing and enable. The former deliver products or services to external customers. Enable spheres create infrastructure for product-producing ones. The label comes from the Supply-Chain Council s Supply Chain Reference Model, or SCOR. Customers for enable spheres are the product-producing spheres. Figure 9.2 illustrates this relationship between product-producing and enable spheres. Product-producing spheres are horizontal in Figure 9.2... 

Alternatives for sphere definition are endless. Extracting ideas for spheres from a complicated functional thicket is daunting. Cross-functional teams, with members who have a big-picture perspective, are often the best way to tackle the task. Table 9.1 provides examples of spheres. Examples 1 through 4 are product-producing spheres. Example 5 is an enable sphere, serving the needs of product-producing spheres with a central sourcing function, like Sphere A. 

Enable spheres contain the organization and processes that provide needed infrastructure for product-producing spheres. Their customers are internal, not the buyers and users of company products and services. The Supply-Chain Council s Supply Chain Operations Reference Model (SCOR) lists enable processes that support its five top level processes PLAN, SOURCE, MAKE, DELIVER, and RETURN. For each SCOR process, there is a set of enable processes. 

In Table 9-1, Example 5 is an enable sphere. It is operations-eentric. It contains the processes for sourcing, or finding suppliers, for all the product-produeing spheres. Other companies might have similar operations in both enable and product- producing spheres. For example, proeessing... 

Manage data Processes for collecting, integrating, and maintaining data for use in product-producing spheres Includes following industry standards for transaction data formats... 

Manage transportation Providing transportation services to product-producing spheres combining total requirements to gain efficiencies... 

Our recommendation is that planners create an Enable sphere, an idea introduced in Section 9.3. This sphere would include activities supporting product-producing spheres, the domain of SOURCE, MAKE, DELIVER, and RETURN. In short, if multiple spheres rely on common business rules, systems, and other supply chain components, they should be included in the Enable sphere. Here we describe and comment on each Enable process. 

Enable sphere Spheres that involve activities used by product producing spheres. These are operations-centric supporting activities. Customer requirements are set by the needs of the product-producing spheres. Examples can include support systems, organization, logistics services, and sourcing. 

Product- producing sphere A sphere that produces products for external customers. The other type is an enable sphere that provides a support service. The product-producing sphere is a business inside the business. It merits its own supply chain design. 

Finally may hr mentioned the purely catalytic action of the electrodes upon the reaction products produced by the electrolysis, a sphere of phenomena which lies outside the purely" electrical relations. This is tin case, for instance, in the decomposition of hydrogen peroxide by electrical oxidation at platinum anodes into water and oxygen. Hut even the electrical conditions can be modified by such reactions, if change in the concentration relations of the predominating ions are combined with therm... 

Microcrystalline cellulose (Avicel) is purified partially depolymerized cellulose, prepared by treating a-cellulose with mineral acids. In addition to being used as a filler, it is also used as dry binder and disintegrant in tablet formulations. Depending on the preparation conditions, it can be produced with a variety of technical specifications depending on particle size and crystallinity. It is often used as an excipient in direct compression formulations but can also be incorporated as a diluent for tablets prepared by wet granulation, as a filler for capsules and for the production of spheres. 

The numerous palladium-catalyzed organic reactions have a relatively small number of elementary steps. Oxidative Addition, Reductive Elimination, ligand coordination, and addition to coordinated ligands (either intramolecular or intermolecu-lar) are the most important classes of transformations in most palladium catalytic cycles. The exact nature of the species within the coordination sphere of palladium and the order in which the steps take place are responsible for the variety of the organic products produced. Four representative and important palladium-catalyzed reactions are briefly discussed here to illustrate the range of organopalladium reactions. 

Matson et al. have used the RESS process to produce silica powders from supercritical water. The solubility of silica in water at 500 °C and 1000 atm is 2600 ppm. It was found that the size of the product depended strongly on the silica concentration in the supercritical fluid prior to expansion. Particle sizes ranged from 0.1 to 0.5 p.m in diameter. The morphology of the particles was found to depend on the nature of the expansion nozzle—an orifice nozzle produced elongated particles, while a capillary nozzle produced spheres. 

Figure 3 Product produced by the first four extrusion/spheronization process steps. (A) Powder from dry mixing (B) granules from granulation (C) extrudate from extrusion and (D) spheres from spheronization.

Since large tonnage production is desirable in order to minimise the cost of a polyamide and since the consumption of nylons as plastics materials remains rather small, it is important that any new materials introduced should also have a large outlet as a fibre. There are a number of polyamides in addition to those already mentioned that could well be very useful plastics materials but which would be uneconomical for all but a few applications if they were dependent on a limited outlet in the sphere of plastics. Both nylon 7 and nylon 9 are such examples but their availability as plastics is likely to occur only if they become established fibre-forming polymers. This in turn will depend on the economics of the telomerisation process and the ability to find outlets for the telomers produced other than those required for making the polyamides. 

Smoke pellets are produced in a range of sizes and are commonly used tor the resting of household flues and chimneys. The pellet is ignited and will burn for about 10 seconds producing a dense white smoke. Because this is a combustion process there are obvious restrictions on its use (nonflammable atmo spheres, nonflammable surfaces, etc.). In addition the smoke is buoyant because of the heat generated. The smoke can also be an irritant and/or toxic. The production of smoke cannot be controlled, but pellets are inexpensive, easy to use, and readily available, and the smoke is produced in sufficient quantities to make them useful in the evaluation, for example, of fume cupboards and Ixroths. 

We found recently that the viscosity (//vac) of the colloidal thiolate precursor is a key parameter in controlling the shape of the nanoproducts in the solventless method [8]. Uniform nanowires, rods, or spheres could be made from the corresponding precursors that came from the solutions with different viscosities. The viscosity is a measure of the polymerization of the metal-thiolate complexes. Accordingly, the precursor with the highest viscosity produces nanowires (Fig. 20.5 a), and with decreases in the viscosity, the product morphology changes to rods (Fig. 20.5b) and then spheres (Fig. 20.5c). 

Many other opportunities exist due to the enormous flexibility of the preparative method, and the ability to incorporate many different species. Very recently, a great deal of work has been published concerning methods of producing these materials with specific physical forms, such as spheres, discs and fibres. Such possibilities will pave the way to new application areas such as molecular wires, where the silica fibre acts as an insulator, and the inside of the pore is filled with a metal or indeed a conducting polymer, such that nanoscale wires and electronic devices can be fabricated. Initial work on the production of highly porous electrodes has already been successfully carried out, and the extension to uni-directional bundles of wires will no doubt soon follow. 

Figure 13.9 The production and actions of nitric oxide (NO). The influx of calcium through either calcium channels or NMDA receptors triggers NOS to convert L-arginine to NO. L-NAME and 7-NI inhibit this process. NO, once produced, can diffuse in a sphere and then can activate guanylate cyclase...

S.SxlO l.mole .sec and 2xl0 1. mole sec , respectively) (c) the Cr(II)-catalysed isomerisation of CrSCN produced in (a) (k = 42 l.mole . sec ). Rate coefficients pertain to 1 M FICIO4 solutions at 25 °C. Thus an inner-sphere mechanism is demonstrated. The S-bonded thiocyanato complex, CrSCN, is not produced when a solution of Cr -FSCN is oxidised by Fe(III). CrSCN can be prepared by the gradual addition of a 5 x 10 M solution to an equal volume of a well-stirred solution of 5.5 x 10 A/ Fe([II) and 4.5 x 10 M SCN . The product solution is green whereas CrNCS solutions are purple. 

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