Processing, Equipment, Products

Filament winding has potential for compressed natural gas (CNG) bottles as an alternate fuel for automotive truck and bus. Bottles in production measure 3 m x 250-300 mm diameter and are certified by US Dept of Transportation. Lampposts up to 46 m long have also been 

Almost any continuous reinforcement can be used. The most commonly used is glass, both E and S, but carbon and aramid fibers are also used, and quartz, boron, ceramics and metal wire and strip have all been successfully applied. Latest developments include adaptation of the process for asymmetrical products. Suitable resins include TS polyesters, epoxies, bismaleimides, polyimides, silicones, phenolics and thermoplastics. 

On-site TP winding requires heat and pressure to consolidate the RP heat sources include lasers, infixed and quartz lamps, induction heating shoes and hot gas torches. The consolidation pressure can be applied either by fiber tension or by mechanical devices. On-site winding is being used in the USA for reinforcement and refurbishment of structures such as 

The primary classes of FW are hoop, polar, and helical. The simplest is hoop or circumferential winding, in which fibers are wound approximately normal to the mandrel axis of rotation with the fiber payout head advancing one band width for each revolution of the spindle. Hoop winding is usually combined with helical winding in more complex parts. Polar or tumble machines are used for parts wound using a planar winding path (such as for a short closed-end pressure vessel). These machines normally have the mandrel mounted vertically, over which a rotating arm wraps fiber onto the mandrel. 

For smaller parts, tumble machines can be used to rotate the part about a fixed arm. Helical winding machines give greatest flexibility and are most common. There is a wide variety of machinery and control systems and these machines can be used to wind from simplest to most complex shapes. 

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It is worthwhile searching the Internet for information on processes, equipment, products and physical properties. Many manufacturers and government departments maintain web sites. In particular, up-to-date information can be obtained on the health and environmental effects of products. 

Effluent from the hydrogenation reactor is depressured to about 400 psig. This level of hydrogen is required to prevent the reverse reaction, diethylaluminum hydride decomposition, which results in plating of aluminum on the process equipment. Product diethylaluminum hydride, unreacted aluminum, and solvent are charged to the ethylation reactor. Ethylene is introduced and undergoes a rapid, exothermic reaction to form triethylaluminum. A tubular reactor with high heat transfer capabilities is required to control this reaction (12). 

In Section 10.0, we have discussed process design and processing equipment rather than the layout oi production facilities. Once a process scheme has been defined, the fashion in which equipment and plant is located is determined partly by transportation considerations (e.g. pipeline specifications) but also by the surface environment. 

As solution gas drive reservoirs lose pressure, produced GORs increase and larger volumes of gas require processing. Oil production can become constrained by gas handling capacity, for example by the limited compression facilities. It may be possible to install additional equipment, but the added operating cost towards the end of field life is often unattractive, and may ultimately contribute to increased abandonment costs. 

Safe handling practices are essential at all stages of production, from the laboratory to the manufacturing operations. The safety committee should inspect and advise on processing equipment and be responsible for providing personal protection, eye wash fountains, safety showers, etc. 

Brine Preparation. Sodium chloride solutions are occasionally available naturally but they are more often obtained by solution mining of salt deposits. Raw, near-saturated brines containing low concentrations of impurities such as magnesium and calcium salts, are purified to prevent scaling of processing equipment and contamination of the product. Some brines also contain significant amounts of sulfates (see Chemicals FROMBRINe). Brine is usually purified by a lime—soda treatment where the magnesium is precipitated with milk of lime (Ca(OH)2) and the calcium precipitated with soda ash. After separation from the precipitated impurities, the brine is sent to the ammonia absorbers. 

In appHcations as hard surface cleaners of stainless steel boilers and process equipment, glycoHc acid and formic acid mixtures are particularly advantageous because of effective removal of operational and preoperational deposits, absence of chlorides, low corrosion, freedom from organic Hon precipitations, economy, and volatile decomposition products. Ammoniated glycoHc acid Hi mixture with citric acid shows exceUent dissolution of the oxides and salts and the corrosion rates are low. 

Although steeping cycles vary from maltster to maltster, they can be classified as a variation or combination of one of three processes, indicated A, B, and C. The choice of steeping procedures depends on equipment limitations, process or product specifications, and company tradition. 

Chemical-Process Vessels. Explosion-bonded products are used in the manufacture of process equipment for the chemical, petrochemical, and petroleum industries where the corrosion resistance of an expensive metal is combined with the strength and economy of another metal. AppHcations include explosion cladding of titanium tubesheet to Monel, hot fabrication of an explosion clad to form an elbow for pipes in nuclear power plants, and explosion cladding titanium and steel for use in a vessel intended for terephthaHc acid manufacture. 

The plutonium extracted by the Purex process usually has been in the form of a concentrated nitrate solution or symp, which must be converted to anhydrous PuF [13842-83-6] or PuF, which are charge materials for metal production. The nitrate solution is sufficientiy pure for the processing to be conducted in gloveboxes without P- or y-shielding (130). The Pu is first precipitated as plutonium(IV) peroxide [12412-68-9], plutonium(Ill) oxalate [56609-10-0], plutonium(IV) oxalate [13278-81-4], or plutonium(Ill) fluoride. These precipitates are converted to anhydrous PuF or PuF. The precipitation process used depends on numerous factors, eg, derived purity of product, safety considerations, ease of recovering wastes, and required process equipment. The peroxide precipitation yields the purest product and generally is the preferred route (131). The peroxide precipitate is converted to PuF by HF—O2 gas or to PuF by HF—H2 gas (31,132). 

Cycloahphatic amine production economics are dominated by raw material charges and process equipment capital costs. Acetone (isophorone), adiponitnle, aniline, and MDA are all large-volume specification organic intermediates bordering on commodity chemicals. They are each cost-effective precursors. 

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