Virtual process

Leblanc process Virtually obsolete process for NajCOj. NaCI with H2SO4 gives Na2SOj (HCI gas by-product) (804] plus coke gives Na2S which with CaCOj, gives Na2COj plus CaS. 

In recent years rotational casting methods have made the slush moulding process virtually obsolete. In these processes an amount of material equal to the weight of the finished product is poured into a mould. The mould is then closed and rotated slowly about two axes so that the paste flows easily over the cavity walls in an oven at about 200-250°C. When the compound has gelled, the moulds are cooled and the moulding removed. Compared with the slush moulding process there is no wastage of material, little flash, and more even wall thickness. Completely enclosed hollow articles such as playballs are most conveniently made. 

Since 1945, the fluid catalytic cracking process has rapidly overtaken fuel production and has become the central technology in the U.S. petrochemicals industi y. With fluid cracking, the scale of petrochemical operations grew eiinriiiotisly. For the first time, refiners could process virtually any volume of oil rapidly and efficiently. 

Many high-ranked catalysis experts have opened their research to micro-reactor studies and have become active. Engineering and catalysis journals have their eye on the field. Thus, cross-border expertise is approaching chemical micro processing. Virtually all chemical-engineering conferences have a micro-reactor session. One can say that micro reactors are now accepted and in a positive sense being absorbed by the catalysis community. 

Due to the large volumes of water used in pulp and paper processes, virtually all U.S. mills have primary and secondary wastewater treatment systems to remove particulates and BOD. These systems also provide significant removals (e.g., 30 to 70%) of other important parameters such as AOX and chemical oxygen demand (COD). 

Halogen dealkylation mimics O-dealkylation both in terms of mechanism and the commonality of the process. Virtually any drug that contains a carbon-hydrogen bond adjacent to a halogen atom will be subject to P450-catalyzed oxidative dehalogenation (Fig. 4.61). 

As it happens in DPV, if A Sw is small (about 50fn mV), the peak-potential for a reversible process virtually coincides with the formal electrode potential. 

The vendor claims that its thermal desorption technology offers quick turnaround time, terminates future liability, and processes virtually aU soil matrices at a competitive price. 

The combination of fast kinetics and favorable thermodynamics makes the process virtually irreversible and highly efficient. The overall energy yield (the percentage of the photon s energy conserved in QH2) is >30%, with the remainder of the energy dissipated as heat. 

Extrusion (or elimination) of sulfur from thiiranes and thiirenes is a facile process. Virtually all thiiranes and thiirenes, as well as their oxides and dioxides, undergo thermal extrusion of the sulfur moiety with increasing facility according to the trend S < < SO < S02. The thermolytic desulfurization mechanism is more complex than a simple cheletropic extrusion (85TL2789). 

The wide ranges of temperature and pressure employed for the hydrodesulfurization process virtually dictate that many other reactions will proceed concurrently with the desulfurization reaction. Thus, the isomerization of paraffins and naphthenes may occur and hydrocracking will increase as the temperature and pressure increase. Furthermore, at the higher temperatures (but low pressures) naphthenes may dehydrogenate to aromatics and paraffins dehydrocyclize to naphthenes, while at lower temperature (high pressures) some of the aromatics may be hydrogenated. 

Amphiphilic molecules are among the simplest of life s molecular components and are readily synthesized by nonbiological processes. Virtually any normal alkane having ten or more carbons in its chain takes on amphiphilic properties if one end of the molecule incorporates a polar or ionic group (see below). The simplest common amphiphiles are therefore molecules such as monocarboxylic acids (anions), monoamines (cations), and alcohols (neutral polar groups). 

Since the coating material is passed into the vapor phase via momentum exchange caused by energetic particle impact rather than by a chemical or thermal process, virtually any material is a candidate for coating. Films... 

In fermentation reactors, cell growth is promoted or maintained to produce metabolite, biomass, transformed substrate, or purified solvent. Systems based on macro-organism cultures are usually referred as tissue cultures. Those based on dispersed non-tissue forming cultures of micro-organisms are loosely referred as microbial reactors. In enzyme reactors, substrate transformation is promoted without the life-support system of whole cells. Frequently, these reactors employ immobilized enzymes, where an enzyme is supported on inert solids so that it can be reused in the process. Virtually all bioreactors of technological importance deal with a heterogeneous system involving more than two phases. 

Third Law As a system asymptotically absolute zero of temperature all processes virtually cease and the entropy of the system asymptotically approaches a minimum value. This law defines absolute zero (0 K or -273° C), at which all thermal motion stops. However, absolute zero cannot be achieved and even empty outer space has a temperature around 3 K. 

The concerted efforts encompassing various intangible and critical methodologies that ultimately relate to the activities, expertise, wisdom and integration of the individual scientist directly or indirectly involved in drug discovery process virtually leads to advance drug discovery profiles. ... 

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