Process Fires

Ammonium sulfate is a good fertilizer for rice, citms, and vines, and can be especially useful for some sulfur-deficient or high pH soils. Nonfertilizer uses include food processing, fire control, tanning, and catde feed. 

In the copper electrorefining process, fire refined copper or blister copper is cast to form the anodes and the cathode is either a reusable stainless steel sheet or a thin sheet of electro deposited copper which finally becomes a part of the refined cathode. The electrolyte is an acidified solution of copper sulfate. 

Heat exchanger shell failure released gas causing a explosion to occur and process fires to start. 

Drainage areas can be defined by the process fire area, which has been established by the spacing, segregation and arrangement provisions for the facility. Open drainage channels should be used where they will not interfere with the use of the area, i.e., crane access, maintenance activities, etc. They should be designed to minimize erosion, and if excessive velocities are encountered they should be paved. No more than 5 m/s (15 ft/s) velocity should be allowed in paved surface runoff channels or troughs. 

Floating exploration and production facilities are sometimes provided on jackup rigs, semi-submersible vessels or ex-crude oil shipping tankers converted to production treatment vessels. These facilities are essentially the same as fixed offshore platform or installations except they are moored in place or provided with a temporary support structure instead of provided with fixed supports to the seabed. The major process fire and explosion risks are identical to the risks produced on offshore platforms. They have one addition major facility risk, that is the maintenance of buoyancy of the installation. Should fire or explosion effects cause a loss of buoyancy (or even stability) the entire facility is at risk of submergence. Adequate compartimization and integrity assurances must be implemented in these instances. 

Process fires are very similar whether they occur outside or in enclosed buildings. The major differences are that products of combustion (toxic fumes, smoke, CO, CO2) build-up in an enclosure very quickly and can incapacitate personnel and hinder escape. Depending on the location and size of the fire, personnel will not have much time (less than one minute) to escape the building. It is important that life safety issues be handled by foil owing the applicable building code and NFPA 101, Fife Safety Code. 

Process fires will continue and may escalate until the flow of fuel is stopped, the fuel is fully consumed, or the fire is extinguished. Isolation valves are used to reduce or isolate inventories of flammable gases or liquids. 

In many process fires, heat transfer by radiation is the dominant form of heat transfer. The heat radiated from a flame is emitted by gases, in particular the products of combustion and by soot. Aflame in which the radiation is emitted solely from the gaseous products of combustion is termed nonluminous and a flame in which there is soot is termed luminous (i.e., yellow or visible). 

Figure 8.19. Some types of process fired heaters (See also Fig. 17.16 for a radiation panel heater), (a) Radiant, shield, and convection sections of a box-type heater, (b) Heater with a split convection section for preheating before and soaking after the radiant section (Lobo and Evans, 1939). (c) Vertical radiant tubes in a cylindrical shell, (d) Two radiant chambers with a common convection section.

Direct fired process — Fire is applied directly to the surface of contaminated media. The main purpose of the fire is to desorb contaminants from the soil though some contaminants that may be thermally oxidized. 

Related Calculations. Use this procedure for any type of centrifugal pump handling water for plant services, cooling, process, fire protection, and similar requirements. This procedure is the work of R. P. Horwitz, Hydrodynamics Division, Peerless Pump, FMC Corporation, as reported in Power magazine. 

The objects examined in this study were fabricated from flat sheets of cast and hammered copper partially scooped out to receive the glass frit (cham-pleve process). Firing in air oxidizes the copper surface and fuses and bonds the glass to produce the characteristic enameled surfaces. The objects were gilded over the unenameled copper, as well. These objects are rich in color and in symbolism. 

Design optimization studies provided a fire detection system employing minimum water which will effectively prevent between-bay flame propagation in the event of a process fire. The cost of installing quick-acting mechanical fire gates was avoided without affecting system safety of the CASBL. 

The basic difference between the two land clearing methods is that in the "manual" process, fire is the major agent employed to remove vegetation cover and prepare the land for pasture establishment. From an agricultural perspective, burning can be regarded as a fast and economical process to... 

In 1996, Jeff Lipton, CEO of NOVA Chemicals, set a goal for NOVA to reduce the number of uncontrolled process fires to zero as part of an effort to reduce the risk of a catastrophic process incident. From that point forward, process fire targets were routinely reviewed and made part of everyone s objectives—including Mr. 

Lipton s. He spoke consistently and passionately both to employees within NOVA and to his peers in the chemical industry advocating strong executive commitment to process safety. As a result, NOVA has seen a reduction of uncontrolled process fires from 65 in 1998 to 6 in 2007. The uncontrolled process fire target for 2008 is 5 or less (see Appendix III). 

APPENDIX III NOVA CHEMICALS UNCONTROLLED PROCESS FIRE AND LOPC METRICS... 

NOVA Chemicals believes that the next big safety step the industry can take is to measure and publicly report loss of process containment and uncontrolled process fires. 

Controlled Process Fire—The fire potential was anticipated and safeguards put in place to control/contain the fire should it occur, and the fire did not exceed the anticipated consequences, and there was no... 

Uncontrolled Process Fire—Any process fire that cannot be classified as controlled. 

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