Process design and operation

LPG recovered from natural gas is essentially free of unsaturated hydrocarbons, such as propylene and butylenes (qv). Varying quantities of these olefins may be found in refinery production, and the concentrations are a function of the refinery s process design and operation. Much of the propylene and butylene are removed in the refinery to provide raw materials for plastic and mbber production and to produce high octane gasoline components. 

Some important process design and operating questions for this reactor are ... 

In addition to the evaluation of chemical process hazards, and the proper applications of the evaluation to process design and operation, the management systems are important to assure operation of the facilities as intended. Brief introductions into hazard identification and quantification, and into management controls from the perspective of process safety are presented in Chapter 4. Future trends are also briefly reviewed here. 

The scope of this book includes several aspects of safe process design and operation, such as the choice of reactor type, safe operating conditions, and the selection of protective systems, primarily related to chemical reactivity. However, even in a process plant where these aspects have been carefully considered and thoroughly applied, there are still numerous events that can occur and can lead to hazardous incidents. Examples of such events are ... 

This procedure is based on the use of checklists which are applied to every stage of process design and operation to ensure compliance with standards, codes, good engineering practices, and well defined operating procedures. In this way, prior experiences can be implemented and used to prevent recurrence of incidents that may have happened in die past. Examples of checklists can be found in [2,3,251]. 

Applications — Integrated Process Design and Operation of Sewers... 

Table 8.1 gives an overview of structural and operational measures that affect the type and course of the in-sewer dry-weather processes. The table exemplifies how process design and operation of sewer networks can be implemented. In other words, it is an overview of methods for wastewater design. ... 

The main business of most chemical companies is to manufacture products by means of controlled chemical reactions. The reactivity that makes chemicals useful can also make them hazardous. Chemical reactions are usually carried out without mishap, but sometimes they get out of control because of problems such as the wrong or contaminated raw material being used, changed operating conditions, unanticipated time delays, failed equipment, incompatible materials of construction, or loss of temperature control. Such mishaps can be worse if the chemistiy under both normal and abnormal conditions is not fully understood. Therefore, it is essential that chemical process designers and operators understand the nature of the reactive materials andchemistry involved and what it takes to control intended reactions and avoid unintended reactions throughout the entire life cycle of a process facility. 

Qualitative reviews are studies base on the generic experience of personnel and do not involve mathematical estimations. Overall these reviews are essentially checklist reviews in which questions or process parameters are used to prompt discussions of the process design and operations and possible accident scenarios. 

Hendershot, D.C. 2002. "A Checklist for Inherently Safer Chemical Reaction Process Design and Operation." International Symposium on Risk, Reliability and... 

Numerous test methods are available using a variety of sample sizes and conditions. The tests provide qualitative or quantitative data on onset of temperature, reaction enthalpy, instantaneous heat production as a function of temperature, maximum temperature, and/or pressure excursions as a consequence of a runaway, and additional data useful for process design and operation. 

Harmsen GJ. Sustainable process design. In Weijnen MPC, Herder, PM, eds. Environmental Performance Indicators in Process Design and Operation. Proceedings of EFCE Event 616. Delft Delft University Press, 1999 59-68. 

Key-issue in hydrodemetallisation (HDM) process design and operation is the development of catalyst deactivation models which give reliable predictions of catalyst life-time and activity, thus providing a tool for designing optimized catalysts. 

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