Procedures piping system

The inclusion of significant fitting friction loss in piping systems requires a somewhat different procedure for the solution of flow problems than that which was used in the absence of fitting losses in Chapter 6. We will consider the same classes of problems as before, i.e. unknown driving force, unknown flow rate, and unknown diameter for Newtonian, power law, and Bingham plastics. The governing equation, as before, is the Bernoulli equation, written in the form... 

Figure 9-2 provides a convenient way of solving compressible adiabatic flow problems for piping systems. Some iteration is normally required, because the value of K( depends on the Reynolds number, which cannot be determined until G is found. An example of the procedure for solving a typical problem follows. 

The solution procedure to determine the mass flow rate of discharged material from a piping system is as follows ... 

Detonations produce much higher pressures than what be considered ordinary explosions. In most cases a process vessel or piping systems will be unable to contain detonation pressure. The only safe procedure is to avoid process system detonations is to preventing the formation of flammable vapor and air mixtures within vessels and piping systems. While the flame speed of explosions is at relatively slow speed, detonations travel at supersonic speeds and will be more destructive. 

Brazements included in a piping system that is subjected to a temperature 1,000°F (538°C) and greater shall require tests in addition to those of ASME BPV Code Section IX. These tests shall be considered a part of the qualification procedure for such design temperatures. Two tension tests on production type joints are required, one at the design temperature and one at 1.05T (where T is the design temperature in degrees Fahrenheit). Neither of these production-type joints shall fail in the braze metal. 

Inspections by owner include inspections, verifications, and audits of the construction of piping systems, which include fabrication, welding, heat treatment, assembly, erection, examination, and testing, in addition to the construction organization s documented procedures, personnel qualifications, and quality control records. 

VII-3.6.2 Procedure. The exposed piping systems shall be reasonably cleaned and completely coated with the solution. Leaks are indicated by the presence of bubbles. The bubble-forming solution shall not be used on piping unless it has been determined by investigation or test that the piping is adequately resistant to direct contact with the solution. 

Whilst carbon and stainless steels are commonly used materials of construction, increasing use is being made of non-metallic and rubber lined equipment. The selection of the material of construction should take into account the cases of the worst process conditions that may occur under foreseeable conditions and should be applied to all components including valves, pipe fittings, instruments and gauges. Both composition (e.g., chlorides, moisture) and temperature deviations can have a significant direct effect on the rate of corrosion. The operator should demonstrate that procedures are in place to ensure that potential deviations in process conditions such as fluid temperature, pressure and composition are identified and assessed in relation to the selection of materials of construction for piping systems. 

The cheapest source of chlorine is the hazardous, yellow-green CI2 gas, supplied under pressure as a liquid. However, the supply of chlorine bottles (cylinders), the maintenance of a chlorinator (which permits the conversion of liquid chlorine into lower pressure gaseous chlorine), and the eductor and piping system is costly. It also requires first class health and safety handling procedures. 

Fused cast basalt is cast in many shapes. Standard flat surfaces can be lined with square or rectangular standard flat tiles. Cylinders for pipe systems are made in static or centrifugal casting procedures. Wall thickness ranges from 21 mm for centrifugal spun cast cylinders to 30 mm thickness for the statically mold cast cylinders and tiles. Thicker liners can also be made. 

Other measures to improve the penetration of heat to deeper soil levels are the installation of a permanent steam-piping system under the plot (Nederpel, 1979) systems operating under reduced pressure provided by fan action (Runia, 1983) and the use of steam-air mixtures, provided by blowing air into the steam supply (Belker, 1990 Labowsky, 1990). The latter technique permits more control of the temperatures achieved, and is favoured where a soil pasteurisation procedure is desired rather than complete sterilisation. 

Flanges Fraudulent, inadequate flanges from other countries escaped detection and were used on domestically produced equipment and piping systems Excessive search and removal from installed equipment and piping systems where catastrophic failure might have resulted Ensure all suppliers pass audit and have adequate quality control procedures for their supply chains... 

Emulsion polymerization as a continuous operation has been described in the patent literature an has found industrial application. One technical process mentioned uses a coiled pipe of such dimensions that at a certain temperature the monomer emulsion polymerizes completely during its pa sage. If necessaiy, a pipe system can be built that is heated to different temperatures at its various sections. Other continuous processes can be carried out in polymerization towers if the monomer has a lower density than water and the polymer has a higher one. The monomer emulsion is added at the top of the tower and agitated by stirring devices, with turbulence limited to the upper parts of the tower. As the polymerization proceeds and the polymer sinks to the bottom of the tower, new monomer is introduced at the top and latex removed at the base. Instead of one tower, a battery of interconnected reactors can be advantageously used in a similar procedure. 

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