Sample procedure formats

Several articles with informative bibliographies covering formation protection additives have appeared recently(97,101,102). The exact rock formation sample in question, the ionic strength of the treatment fluid, the preventive additives that are present, the pH of the fluid, and the test procedure employed all have significant effects on the test results. However, with careful experimentation using representative materials a preventive additive package can be administered as part of a water-based fracture treatment to allow effective stimulation of most hydrocarbon reservoirs. Because of this, water-based fracturing fluids are used in approximately 90% of all fracture treatments performed today. 

Unfortunately, ASPEC procedures are rather slow. Therefore, SPE procedures in 96-well plate format were developed [95-96], Again, both cartridge and disk SPE systems have been used. An example of a 96-well plate SPE procedure is discussed in detail in Ch. 1.5.3. In this application, the use of the 96-well plate SPE procedure reduced sample work-up time for the determination of fentanyl in plasma from 3.5 hr to 2 hr [105]. 

Figure 4-4 shows the Pmpose, References, Precautions, Special Tools/ Equipment, Prerequisites, and procedure steps as they may appear in a procedure. Refer to Appendix F, Sample Procedure Formats (page 130), for more examples. 

PURPOSE This example demonstrates a sample procedure format. 

PRECAUTIONS This is only a sample. Procedure format should be customized to meet your facility s needs. 

The sample procedure formats in this appendix are derived from actual procedures used in industry. They show various ways of presenting information in a T-format. Although each format is slightly different, they all include ... 

Table 8 summarizes PCR applications in detecting bacterial pathogens. Most of these studies concern simple detection of the organism rather than diagnosis and await standardized procedures, simplified sample preparation methods, and colorimetric detection formats before they will be practical for clinical laboratories. 

The formation of the precipitate must go through different states, i.e. first sol, then gel and finally precipitate. If the gel or precipitate particles are phase transfered, the produced particles are certainly big. The time and way of adding the surfactant, of course, affect the size of the product particles. As shown in Table 2, the preparation procedure for sample BTX is Ihe typical procedure described in the experimental section, and leads to simultaneous sol formation, surfactant adsorption and phase transfer. 

The elements for which the results can be underestimated because of an incomplete digestion of refractory accessory minerals such as zircon and garnet, and/or formation of insoluble fluoride complexes have been distinguished. Recommendations on the choice of the decomposition procedure for such samples are given. 

Confirmation of the formation of the radicals during combustion reactions has been made by inuoducing a sample of dre flames into a mass spectrometer. The sample is withdrawn from a turbulent flame which is formed into a thin column, by admitting a sample of the flame to the spectrometer drrough a piidrole orifice, usually of diameter a few tenths of a millimetre. An alternative procedure which has been successful in identifying the presence of radicals, such as CHO, has been the use of laser-induced fluorescence. 

Other effects. In addition to the compound formation and ionisation effects which have been considered, it is also necessary to take account of so-called matrix effects. These are predominantly physical factors which will influence the amount of sample reaching the flame, and are related in particular to factors such as the viscosity, the density, the surface tension and the volatility of the solvent used to prepare the test solution. If we wish to compare a series of solutions, e.g. a series of standards to be compared with a test solution, it is clearly essential that the same solvent be used for each, and the solutions should not differ too widely in their bulk composition. This procedure is commonly termed matrix matching. 

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