Probes luminescent labels

Lanthanide chelates also can be used in FRET applications with other fluorescent probes and labels (Figure 9.51). In this application, the time-resolved (TR) nature of lanthanide luminescent measurements can be combined with the ability to tune the emission characteristics through energy transfer to an organic fluor (Comley, 2006). TR-FRET, as it is called, is a powerful method to develop rapid assays with low background fluorescence and high sensitivity, which can equal the detection capability of enzyme assays (Selvin, 2000). 

Abstract Silver clusters, composed of only a few silver atoms, have remarkable optical properties based on electronic transitions between quantized energy levels. They have large absorption coefficients and fluorescence quantum yields, in common with conventional fluorescent markers. But importantly, silver clusters have an attractive set of features, including subnanometer size, nontoxicity and photostability, which makes them competitive as fluorescent markers compared with organic dye molecules and semiconductor quantum dots. In this chapter, we review the synthesis and properties of fluorescent silver clusters, and their application as bio-labels and molecular sensors. Silver clusters may have a bright future as luminescent probes for labeling and sensing applications. 

Probing Metalloproteins Electronic absorption spectroscopy of copper proteins, 226, 1 electronic absorption spectroscopy of nonheme iron proteins, 226, 33 cobalt as probe and label of proteins, 226, 52 biochemical and spectroscopic probes of mercury(ii) coordination environments in proteins, 226, 71 low-temperature optical spectroscopy metalloprotein structure and dynamics, 226, 97 nanosecond transient absorption spectroscopy, 226, 119 nanosecond time-resolved absorption and polarization dichroism spectroscopies, 226, 147 real-time spectroscopic techniques for probing conformational dynamics of heme proteins, 226, 177 variable-temperature magnetic circular dichroism, 226, 199 linear dichroism, 226, 232 infrared spectroscopy, 226, 259 Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy, 226, 289 infrared circular dichroism, 226, 306 Raman and resonance Raman spectroscopy, 226, 319 protein structure from ultraviolet resonance Raman spectroscopy, 226, 374 single-crystal micro-Raman spectroscopy, 226, 397 nanosecond time-resolved resonance Raman spectroscopy, 226, 409 techniques for obtaining resonance Raman spectra of metalloproteins, 226, 431 Raman optical activity, 226, 470 surface-enhanced resonance Raman scattering, 226, 482 luminescence... 

The last chapter by Lo described the luminescent properties of some recent examples of transition metal complexes that can be employed as luminescent labels and probes for bio-molecules. The structural design of the metal complexes, the labeling and probing strategies, the spectroscopic and luminescent properties of the complexes and their bio-conjugates as well as their biological and analytical applications were presented. 

These experimental data indicated that the lanthanide complexes of the new ligand, particularly the Tb one, are suitable for application as luminescent labels in TRF microscope imaging techniques, and that they could allow to achieve limits of detection similar to those obtained with CL enzyme-labelled probes. 

Referring here only to analytical purposes, SPLS is used for detection or determination of intrinsically fluorescent or phosphorescent compounds, for non-luminescent compounds that are capable of showing luminescence when they are derivatized, for non-luminescent, nonderivatized compounds that are capable of modifying the luminescent properties of a probe, i.e., via quenching or solvatochromic effect, and for compounds that interact via a binding partner and indicate this reaction with a luminescent label. 

Near-Infrared Luminescent Labels and Probes Based on Lanthanide Ions and Their Potential for Applications in Bioanalytical Detection and Imaging... 

Near-Infrared Luminescent Labels and Probes Based on Lanthanide Ions... 

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