Through energy transfer

Through energy transfer of an excited sensitizer molecule (S) to either a monomer (M) or foreign molecule (A) resulting in the formation of species capable of initiation (e.g., radical) ... 

Lanthanide chelates also can be used in FRET applications with other fluorescent probes and labels (Figure 9.51). In this application, the time-resolved (TR) nature of lanthanide luminescent measurements can be combined with the ability to tune the emission characteristics through energy transfer to an organic fluor (Comley, 2006). TR-FRET, as it is called, is a powerful method to develop rapid assays with low background fluorescence and high sensitivity, which can equal the detection capability of enzyme assays (Selvin, 2000). 

The loss of vibrational excitation energy by a molecular entity through energy transfer to the environment due to collisions. 

From these studies it was concluded that the main secondary reactions for TX/amine systems are hydrogen abstraction from the surrounding polymer and decomposition of peroxides through energy transfer. 

Sensitized photo-oxidation reactions are an example of such photoactivated catalysis (Section 4.5) in which C would be a dye which absorbs light and forms excited oxygen molecules (P) through energy transfer these excited oxygen molecules then lead to various oxidation reactions. There are other important examples of photoactivated catalysis in photoelectrochemistry (section 4.5.1). 

Some excited atom-sensitized reactions proceed in fact through energy transfer to the reactive molecule, others by formation of different reactive atoms, e.g. 

Figure 8.21 gives a schematic representation of the type of photophysical experiments which can be performed in L-B films. The distance dependence of a quenching action through energy transfer or electron transfer can be... 

Deeble DJ, Schuchmann MN, Steenken S, von Sonntag C (1990) Direct evidence for the formation of thymine radical cations from the reaction of SO/" with thymine derivatives a pulse radiolysis study with optical and conductance detection. J Phys Chem 94 8186-8192 DeFelippis MR, Murthy CP, Faraggi M, Klapper MH (1989) Pulse radiolytic measurement of redox potentials the tyrosine and tryptophan radicals. Biochemistry 28 4847-4853 Delatour T, Douki T, D Ham C, Cadet J (1998) Photosensitization of thymine nucleobase by benzo-phenone through energy transfer, hydrogen abstraction and one-electron oxidation. J Photo-chem Photobiol 44 191-198... 

The possibility that the ether radical results from the collapse of an excited ether molecule generated through energy transfer from the excited carbonyl compound seems less probable. The isopropanol isolated from the reaction mixtures when acetone was used as photoinitiator, and the formation of considerable amounts of benzpinacol when benzophenone... 

As it becomes clear from Fig. 15, a diazene-like conformation can be induced through energy transfer of about 300 kJ/mol. It should thus be possible to induce this conformational change photochemically. The diazene-like conformation corresponds to a double-bonded N2 moiety with two lone pairs, which can play an important role as hydrogen atom acceptors in the reduction process. This appears to be most important for a kinetic activation of the first endothermic reduction step. 

It is noteworthy that the energy-induced conformational change of N2 in a diazene-like position is also observed for the diprotonated complex. This implies that 8 may be first protonated, then transformed through energy transfer (e.g., through irradiation of visible light) into a diazene-like conformation and finally reduced to... 

Because the copper complexes with 2,2/-bipyridine, 1,10-phenanthroline, and their derivatives have a triplet MLCT excited state like that of [Ru(bpy)3]2+, the copper complexes exhibit similar photocatalyses to those of [Ru(bpy)3]2 + for instance, the trans-cis isomerization of stylbene through energy transfer [48] and the photoreduction of viologen compounds [9b,c,e,49,50] were successfully carried out with the copper complexes. Also, a Gratzel-type solar cell was constructed with the copper complexes, recently [51,52]. 

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