Luminescence probe

The photophysical properties of a molecule are influenced by its immediate surroundings. Often the effects follow a qualitative empirical rule or, in favorable situations, a well-established quantitative law. Thus, it becomes possible to use photophysical parameters in order to get insight into the microenvironment (e.g. polarity, viscosity) of the emitting molecule. Fluorescence dyes have been used as molecular reporters, not only in solution, but also in membranes, in the solid state, in mixtures of low molecular compounds or 

Twisted intramolecular charge transfer (T1CT) probes (structures (25) to (28)) constitute another class of microenvironment probes. As their name indicates, these dyes also form charge transfer complexes in the excited state. However, the detailed mechanism of deactivation of these states is different from that involved in the case of ANS or TNS discussed above. 

In the ground state, the TICT probes (25) to (27) adopt a planar conformation. Photoexcitation can result in the formation of two excited states (see Diagram in Table 

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Terbium(III) and europium(III) ions as luminescent probes and stains for biomolecular systems. 

Terpetschnig E, Wolfbeis OS (1998) Luminescent probes for NIR sensing applications. In Daehne S, Resch-Genger U, Wolfbeis OS (eds) Near-infrared dyes for high technology applications, NATO ASI Ser 3, vol 53. Kluwer Academic, Dordrecht (NL), pp 161-182... 

ORGANIC MOLECULES AS LUMINESCENT PROBES FOR METAL IONS 914... 

Wolfbeis, O. S. (2007). The click reaction in the luminescent probing of metal ions, and its implications on biolabeling techniques. Angew. Chem. Int. Ed. Engl. 46, 2980-2. 

Figure 1. Some examples of luminescent probes with intramolecular charge transfer (ICT) electronic excited states. The numbers in parenthesis indicate the typical wavelengths of the excitation/emission maximums for each of them in polar media however, introduction of chemical groups in the unsubstituted molecular frame or attachment to a solid support may shift those values.

Ratiometric luminescent probes make a smart use of the excitation wavelength effect on the emission intensity for extended optosensor performance. For example, the fluorescence from 8-hydroxy-l,3,5-pyrenetrisulfonate (HPTS) and other pH-sensitive dyes in water comes only from its (photo)excited basic form, but the absorption spectra of HPTS and PTS (pAa 7.3) differ considerably (Figure 3). 

S. Kojima, T. Hasegawa, T. Yonemura, K. Sasaki, K. Yamamoto, Y. Makimura, T. Takahashi, T. Suzuki, Y. Susuki, and K. Kobayashi, Ruthenium complexes carrying a disialo complex-type oligosaccharide Enzymatic synthesis and its application to a luminescent probe to detect influenza viruses, Chem. Commun. (2003) 1250-1251. 

Hall, L.D., and Yalpani, M. (1980) Synthesis of luminescent probe-sugar conjugates of either protected or unprotected sugars. Carbohydr. Res. 78, C4. 

Sammes, P.G., and Yahioglu, G. (1996) Modem bioassays using metal chelates as luminescent probes. Nat. Prod. Rep. 13,1-28. 

Sculimbrene, B.R., and Imperiali, B. (2006) Lanthanide-binding tags as luminescent probes for studying protein interactions./. Am. Chem. Soc. 128(22), 7346-7352. 

The oxidizing power of the catalytic sulfite ion/02 systems was utilized in oxidative cleavage of DNA (118-121), in an analytical application for the determination of sulfur dioxide in air (122) and in developing a luminescent probe for measuring oxygen uptake (123). 

The complexing ligand of the lanthanide cation also provides a way for the luminescent lanthanide complex to be linked to a particular target molecule, thus acting as a luminescent probe for the target... 

Hemmila I, Laitala V (2005) Progress in lanthanides as luminescent probes. J Fluoresc 15 529-542... 

Mason WT (ed) (1999) Fluorescent and luminescent probes, 2nd edn. London, Academic... 

Abstract Silver clusters, composed of only a few silver atoms, have remarkable optical properties based on electronic transitions between quantized energy levels. They have large absorption coefficients and fluorescence quantum yields, in common with conventional fluorescent markers. But importantly, silver clusters have an attractive set of features, including subnanometer size, nontoxicity and photostability, which makes them competitive as fluorescent markers compared with organic dye molecules and semiconductor quantum dots. In this chapter, we review the synthesis and properties of fluorescent silver clusters, and their application as bio-labels and molecular sensors. Silver clusters may have a bright future as luminescent probes for labeling and sensing applications. 

M.-C. Kilhoffer, J. G. Demaille, and D. Gerard, Terbium as luminescent probe of calmodulin calcium-binding sites. Domains I and II contain the high-affinity sites, FEBS Lett. 116, 269-272 (1980). 

W.T. Mason (Ed.), Fluorescence and Luminescence Probes in Biological Activity, Academic Press, 1994. 

Fig. 10 Energy state diagram showing important photophysical processes following excitation of the luminescent probe...

Richardson, F. S. Terbium(III) and europium(III) ions as luminescent probes and stains for biomolecular systems. Chem. Rev. 1982, 82, 541—552. 

Sabbatini, N. Guardigli, M. Manet, I. Ziessel, R. Luminescent probes [involving calixarenes], Calixarenes 2001 Ed. Asfari, Z. Kluwer Academic Publishers, 2001. 

Mason, W. T., ed. (1999) Tluorescent and Luminescent Probes, 2nd ed., Academic Press, San Diego, California... 

J. Hoyland, in Fluorescent and Luminescent Probes for Biological Activity, ed. by W.T. Mason (Academic Press, San Diego, 1999), p. 108... 

Electronic Absorption and Luminescence (Volume 12) Absorption and Luminescence Probes Fluorescence Imaging Microscopy Fluorescence Lifetime Measurements, Applications of Indirect Detection Methods in Capillary Electrophoresis Surface Measurements using Absorption/Luminescence... 

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