Primary raw materials

Another fluorescent pigment class (23) is based on a urethane-type resin the primary raw materials are isocyanates, amines, and hydroxy compounds. 

Carbon monoxide was discovered in 1776 by heating a mixture of charcoal and 2inc oxide. It provided a source of heat to industry and homes as a component of town gas and was used as a primary raw material in German synthetic fuel manufacture during World War II its compounds with transition metals have been studied extensively (see Carbonyls). Most recently, carbon monoxide emission from vehicle exhausts has been recognized as a primary source of air pollution (qv). 

Other apphcations for monochlorobenzene include production of diphenyl-ether, ortho- and i ra-phenylphenol, 4,4 -dichlorodiphenylsulfone, which is a primary raw material for the manufacture of polysulfones, diphenyldichlorosilane, which is an intermediate for specialty siUcones, Grignard reagents, and in dinitrochlorobenzene and catalyst manufacture. 

In general, primary raw materials are naturally occurring substances that have not been subjected to chemical changes after being recovered. Natural gas and crude oils are the basic raw materials for the manufacture of petrochemicals. The first part of this chapter deals with natural gas. The second part discusses crude oils and their properties. 

Primary Raw Materials for Petrochemicals 3 NATURAL GAS TREATMENT PROCESSES... 

Primary Raw Materials for Petrochemicals 17 Non-Basic Nitrogen Compounds... 

The primary raw materials for the production of petrochemicals are natural gas and crude oil. However, other carhonaceous substances such as coal, oil shale, and tar sand can be processed (expensively) to produce these chemicals. 

The petrochemical industry is mainly based on three types of intermediates, which are derived from the primary raw materials. These are the C2-C4 olefins, the Ce-Cg aromatic hydrocarbons, and synthesis gas (an H2/CO2 mixture). 

GHG emissions associated with the raw material are determined from the energy used to manufacture the plastic materials and the fuel used to transport them to the plant. The transportation and manufacture of the secondary packaging used to transport the primary raw materials and finished materials may also be considered. The embedded energy of the materials, if made from petroleum products, is also accounted for when it is used as a raw material (Keoleian and Spitzley, 1999 Spitzley et al., 1997). End-of-life emissions may also be included in LCA of milk packaging and include fhe energy used fo recycle the package or emissions in the form of CH4 from a landfill. 

Secondary raw materials recovered from scrap are more concentrated and more pure than primary raw materials. Scrap is already in the metallic form, and requires only purification which, in the most favorable or desirable cases, involves only melting. The recovery of secondary metals can, therefore, be carried out with fewer and simpler operations, consuming a smaller amount of energy and causing less pollution, than primary metals production. For example, the production of 1 ton of copper from ore consumes about 116 GJ of energy, while the consumption is only about 19 G J when the production is from scrap. 

Cyanide is a known or suspected pollutant in approximately 24 pesticide processes. The primary raw materials that favor the generation of cyanides as either byproducts or impurities are cyanamides, cyanates, thiocyanates, and cyanuric chloride. Cyanuric chloride is used exclusively in the manufacture of triazine pesticides. 

Water Water is the primary raw material in pharmaceutical formulations. It is the most used vehicle since it is the major component of the human body. For many products, it is the main component, and, even in those containing non-water-soluble substances, water must be present. Depending on the product and the form of administration, lipophilic drugs are prepared as water-oil emulsions. 

Methane and carbon monoxide are presently the two primary raw materials of practical importance in Ci hydrocarbon chemistry. According to the present industrial practice, natural gas (methane) or coal can be converted to a mixture of carbon monoxide and hydrogen called synthesis gas ... 

Theoretical balance yield BA, is given by the ratio between the moles of the target product and the total moles of the primary raw materials (PRM), including all reactants involved in the stoichiometry of the synthesis route. 

The factor EAp characterizes the efficiency of primary raw materials amount of primary raw materials... 

The factor F expresses the excess of primary raw materials, and is defined as ... 

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