Primary explosion protection

Shoes with conducting soles against electrostatics (it is important that the floor is also conducting and earthened, especially for handling primary explosives) Protective leather jacket (made from 2 mm thick leather) or Kevlar protective vest with groin protector. 

Primary explosion protection means to prevent the formation of explosive mixtures at all. 

Primary explosion protections means also that in case of an unintentimial escape of gas this event is detected in due time and the gas is removed as quickly and as safely as possible, for example through self-opening windows or fans, before the mixture concentration exceeds the lower explosion limit. The necessary air intake must be calculated on the basis of the amount of gas which can escape during incidents or accidents like leaks or pipe ruptures. Diffuse leaks should also be taken into account. For such leaks and also for gas trapped during plant shut down ventilation should be provided which is appropriate to handle the gas volumes which could escape. 

Hq can essentially be influenced by measures of the primary explosion protection and Hz by measures of the secondary explosin protection. Measures of the tertiary explosion protection affect principally the probability of unwanted damage effects (S). 

Group B Ammunition containing primary explosives and not containing two or more effective protective features. For example, detonators, detonating fuses, medium warheads (in boxes). 

This is the fundamental rule of the primary type of explosion protection the existence of hazardous fuel-air mixtures shall be prevented by an artificial or natural ventilation of plant installations and/or an equivalent tightness of manufacturing equipment. 

One of the primary contents of the Treaties of the European Community (EC) is the elimination of trade barriers for technical equipment. These barriers have been based on different technical standards (and their legislation) in the member states of the EC. Referring to article 100 of the Treaties of the EC, some directives have been issued in order to harmonize the standardization for technical products (explosion protected electrical apparatus and systems, elevators). These directives describe precisely the technical requirements and list the relevant standards, in the field of explosion protection CENELEC Standards exclusively. Directive 82/130/EEC refers to mines endangered by firedamp and/or combustible dusts, and Directive 76/117/EEC covers areas hazardous due to potentially explosive atmospheres. The member states of the EC shall transform these directives into their national legislation within 18 months. 

Article containing a primary explosive substance and not having two or more effective protective features. Some articles, such as detonators for blasting, detonator assembhes for blasting and primers, cap-type, are included, even... 

According to [2] the following scenario is often encountered in industry a primary explosion occurs in a plant area. As a consequence of insufficient explosion protection the dust is finely dispersed in the room leading to a secondary explosion. The latter often involves a larger mass of dust and hence a larger energy release than the primary one. The probability of occurrence of a dust detonation, however, is considered to be small. 

Primary explosimi protection (avoiding explosive mixtures) means that the formation of undesired gas mixtures is suppressed from the very beginning. One way to achieve this is to prevent the unintentional escape of flammable gases from their... 

Following these basic statements, the Directive 99/92/EC [2] describes the measures of the primary and tertiary explosion protection as a matter of priority. These measures are essentially aimed at operating companies/users of work equipment as well as workplaces in which potentially explosive atmospheres can occur. 

Group 3 Nitrate/metal compositions without sulphur Compositions with <35-65% chlorate Compositions with black powder Lead oxide/silicon with >60% lead oxides Perchlorate/metal Burn fast Large firework shells Fuse protected signal flares Pressed report cartridges in primary packagings Quickmatches in transport packagings Waterfalls Silver wheels Volcanoes Black powder delays Burn very violently with single-item explosions... 

The primary design consideration at any oil, gas or related facility should be the protection of employees and the general public from the effects of an explosion or fire. In all cases highly populated occupancies should be located as far as practical upwind of the process or storage areas. Where this cannot be practically... 

Ideally most oil or gas incidents will be controlled by the process shut down systems (ESD, depressurization, drainage, etc.) and hopeful the fire protection systems (fireproofing, water deluge, etc ), will not be required. However these primary fire defense systems may not be able to control fire incidents if previous explosions have previously occurred. Before any consideration of fire suppression efforts, explosion effects must first be analyzed to determine the extent of protection necessary. Most major fire incidents associated with hydrocarbon process incidents are preceded by explosion incident. 

This section describes what an individual can do to limit exposure to intense heat from the fireball, initial radiation, and fallout after a nuclear explosion. This guidance is similar to that provided in Chapter 4. Time, distance, and shielding are the basic factors used to limit exposures and increase the chances of survival. The primary difference here is in the speed with which the three protective factors are implemented. Another difference is the order in which the factors are presented. Chapter 4 addresses time, distance, and then shielding. This chapter covers time, shielding, and then distance. The order of the factors was changed because individuals may not have the luxury of applying the distance factor until well after the explosion. As a result, the distance factor is discussed last. A few general nuclear explosion survival rules are as follows ... 

First, we need to define generally what we are talking about A pressure relief device is any device that can purge a system from an overpressure condition. More particularly, an SRV is a pressure relief device that is self-actuated, and whose primary purpose is the protection of life and equipment. Through a controlled discharge of a required (rated) amount of fluid at a predetermined pressure, an SRV must prevent overpressure in pressurized vessels and systems, and it operates within limits which are determined by international codes. An SRV is often the final control device in the prevention of accidents or explosions caused by overpressure... 

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