Packaging and transport

The costs involved in packaging and transport of a chemical product to the consumer are largely variable costs. However, such factors are not regarded as forming part of the production cost/income comparison. When considering process economics and profitability they are usually deducted from the money paid by the consumer to leave a net sales income which forms the revenue inflow to the producer to set against the production costs. 

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Liquids. Some Hquid dyes are made directly from the thionation melt by additions of caustic soda and sodium hydrosulfide. Hydrotropic substances are sometimes added, either at the initial thionation stage or after the polysulfide melt is finished in order to keep the reduced dye in solution. Pardy reduced Hquids are also available. They are usually more concentrated than fully reduced Hquids, thus saving packaging and transportation costs. However, they require a further addition of reducing agent to the dyebath in order to obtain full color value. On the other hand, fully reduced Hquids are... 

Covers package design, approval, test procedures, notification of consignment, information requirements (for package and transport container). 

Some inventory of finished product must be held to match production with sales. Provision for product packaging and transport will also be needed, depending on the nature of the product. Liquids will normally be dispatched in drums and in bulk tankers (road, rail and sea), solids in sacks, cartons or bales. 

This cost will depend on the nature of the product. For liquids collected at the site in the customer s own tankers the cost to the product would be small whereas the cost of packaging and transporting synthetic fibres or polymers to a central distribution warehouse would add significantly to the product cost. 

Coordinate all aspects of testing, packaging, and transporting with public health laboratory/Laboratory Response Network (LRN). 

In order to perform analysis of samples beyond rapid field testing, it will be necessary to properly package the samples for transport to the appropriate labs as quickly as possible. Prompt and proper packaging and transport of samples will... 

Packaging. Techniques used in packaging and transporting citrus fruits influence fruit quality. The package and/or container must protect the fruit from mechanical damage and provide a favorable microclimate for the fruit if quality is to be maintained from harvest to consumption. Various reviews on the subject of packaging and transporting citrus have been published previously (250, 268, 290, 291., 292, 293, 294). Therefore, only the major aspects as well as recent developments not previously reviewed will be discussed here. 

United States alone, 5 x 109 kg of plastic resins (typically used in packaging and transportation) are produced every year. Disposable goods and packing material represent about one-third of the total plastic production and have the largest environmental impact. More than 90% of the plastic material in municipal waste consists of polyethylene, polyvinyl chloride, and polystyrene, which are all resistant to biodegradation (see Table 9.1). 

Pellets are typically cut underwater to produce pellets of spherical shape to the desired size. The pellets are then dried before packaging and transport. 

The aquatic sampling and surveillance campaign was conducted over four weeks using five naval vessels. Gamma spectrometric surveys were made of the sea bed in order to optimise sampling. Over 300 samples were collected (from lagoon water, ocean water, sediment pore water, sediment, corals and biota). Some 13 000 litres of water and 1 tonne of solid samples were collected, processed, packaged and transported to Monaco for distribution to analytical laboratories. 

An MILP model has been developed for solving the supply chain problem of Provimi Pet Food. The model includes special logical constraints such as stepwise constant cost functions of production and packaging lines, minimum constraints for production, packaging and transportation, and the constraints of homogenous product transport. The solution procedure is developed in AIMMS modeling language. 

New under Article L 677 CSP, the therapeutic products attached cover all products in contact with the organs, cell cultures, products of animal origin in the human body during preparation, transformation, packaging and transport. 

FDA approved 1998 for use as an accelerator in die manufacture of rubber material intended for use in all stages of production, processing, packaging and transport of food 21CFR177.2600. 

FDA approved 1998 for the manufacture of resinous/polymeric coatings in safe contact with food for articles for use in all stages of production, processing, packaging and transport of food, 21CFR175.300. Joint FAO/WHO committee on Food Additives recommended an ADI of 3.0 mg/kg BW. Inventories AICS (Australia) DSL (Canada) ECL (Korea) EINECS (Europe) ENCS (Japan) List I (China) PICCS (Philippines) TSCA (USA). 

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