Blood-lead levels In preschool

Table X. Percentage Distribution of Blood-Lead Levels In Preschool Children...

Background measurements, soil samples, 119-20 Blood-lead levels In preschool... 

Deveaux P, Kibel MA, Dempster WS, et al. 1986. Blood lead levels in preschool children in Cape Town. S Afr Med J 29 421-424. 

Blood lead levels in preschool children and subsequent crime rates of these children over several decades are correlated in the United States, the United Kingdom, Canada, France, Australia, Finland, Italy, West Germany, and New Zealand.96... 

Reviews on the occurrence, biochemical basis, and treatment of lead toxicity in children (11) and workers (3,12,13) have been pubhshed. Approximately 17% of all preschool children in the United States have blood lead levels >10 //g/dL. In inner city, low income minority children the prevalence of blood lead levels >10 //g/dL is 68%. It has been estimated that over two million American workers are at risk of exposure to lead as a result of their work. PubHc health surveillance data document that each year thousands of American workers occupationally exposed to lead develop signs and symptoms indicative of... 

Worldwide, all developed countries have lead-pollution problems similar to those of the United States.11 In Australia, for example, a blood lead survey in 1996 found that 7.3 percent of preschoolers had levels greater than 10 units—certainly enough to cause brain damage. In 2004, a European survey reported some countries with as much as 30 percent of the population with BLL greater than 10 units. 

McBride, W.G. (1984) Prospective study of health effects of lead in urban children. Paper presented at International Conference on Prospective Lead Studies, Cincinnati, Ohio, April McBride, W.G., Black, B.P. and English, B.J. (1982) Blood lead levels and behaviour of 400 preschool children. Med. ]. Australia, 2, 26-29 Mackie, A.C., Stephens, R., Townsend, A. and Waldron, H.A. (1977) Tooth lead levels in Birmingham children. Arch. Environ. Health, 32, 178-185 Mahaffey, K.R., Annest, J.L., Roberts, J. and Murphy, R.S. (1982) National estimates of blood lead levels United States, 1976-1980 association with selected demographic and socioeconomic factors. N. Engl ]. Med., 307, 149-159 Moore, M.R., Campbell, B.C., Meredith, P.A., Beattie, A.D., Goldberg, A. and Campbell, D. 

Harvey, P.G., Hamlin, M.W., Kumar, R. and Delves, H.T. (1984) Blood lead, and intelligence test performance in preschool children. ScL Total Environ., 40, 45-60 Kotok, D., Kotok, R. and Heriot, J.T. (1977) Cognitive evaluation of children with elevated blood lead levels. Am. ]. Dis. Child., 131, 791-793 Landrigan, P.J., Whitworth, R.H. and Baloh, R.W. (1975) Neuropsychological dysfunction in children with chronic low-level lead absorption. Lancet, 1, 708-712 Lansdown, R.G., Shepherd, J., Clayton, B.E., Delves, H.T., Graham, P.J. and Turner, W.C. 

LEAD EXPOSURE AND INTELLIGENCE IN THE EARLY PRESCHOOL YEARS Table 1 Descriptive statistics, blood lead level (PbB) and developmental tests... 

Hansen ON, Trillingsgaard A, Beese I, et al A neuropsychological study of children with elevated dentine lead level assessment of the effect of lead in different socio-economic groups. Neurotoxicol Teratol 11 205-213, 1989 Haritos NP Chronic lead intoxication a report of 21 treated cases at Children s Hospital. Clinical Proceedings of the Children s Hospital 17 110-115,1961 Harvey PC, Hamlin MW, Kumar R Blood lead, behaviour and intelligence test performance in preschool children. Sci Total Environ 40 45-60, 1984 Hawk BA, Schroeder SR, Robinson G, et al Relation of lead and social factors to IQ of low-SES children a partial replication. American Journal of Mental Deficiency 91 178-183, 1986... 

In our research on low-level lead exposure we adopted a strategy of cross-sectional and longitudinal study of the intellectual, social, and neurobehavioural development of preschool children exposed to low or moderate blood lead (PbB) levels. We asked two questions (a) Does cross-sectional comparison show a significant interaction between age and PbB levels, between age and type of exposure (occupational versus non-occupational), or between age and the important behavioural covariates of lead exposure (SES level, maternal IQ, and quality of the caregiving environment) and (b) Upon regular 5-year re-evaluations, can changes in these children s intellectual, social, and neurobehavioural development be related to current PbB levels or to cumulative previous PbB levels after removal of lead from their home environment ... 

The latest official government figures on lead poisoning show that about 1.7 million young children, or about 8.9% of preschoolers in the United States, have levels of lead in their blood that are considered to be of concern. ... 

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