Susceptibility, generalized

Solvent polarity also affects the rate of peroxide decomposition. Most peroxides decompose faster in more polar or polari2able solvents. This is tme even if the peroxide is not generally susceptible to higher order decomposition reactions. This phenomenon is illustrated by various half-life data for tert-huty peroxypivalate [927-07-1]. The 10-h half-life temperature for tert-huty peroxypivalate varies from 62°C in decane (nonpolar) to 55°C in ben2ene (polari2able) and 53°C in methanol (polar). 

Mjcoplasmas rickettsiae chlamjdia, and protozoan parasites are also, in general, susceptible to tetracyclines (88—90) (see also Antiparasitic agents). 

Perfluorinated epoxides, which are generally susceptible to C-O cleavage during nucleophihc attack, are cleaved by lithium alummum hydnde Of the available examples, reduction of epoxides from two types of internal olefm to give alcohols IS shown [4S] (equations 37a and 37b)... 

Ammonium complex fluorometalates are generally susceptible to hydrolysis by water formed in the course of the fluorination process (see 25). Such interactions, resulting in the formation of oxyfluoride metalates can be described as follows ... 

Drugs of choice are not yet identified. Y. enterocolitica is generally susceptible to fluoroquinolones, alone or in combination with third-generation cephalosporins or aminoglycosides. Alternative agents include chloramphenicol, tetracycline, and trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole. 

The catalysed two-phase alkylation of carboxamides has the advantages of speed and simplicity over the traditional procedures and provides a valuable route to secondary and tertiary amines by hydrolysis or reduction of the amides, respectively. The procedure appears to be limited, however, to reactions with primary haloalkanes and dialkyl sulphates, as secondary haloalkanes are totally unreactive [6, 7]. The use of iodoalkanes should be avoided, on account of the inhibiting effect of the released iodide ion on the catalyst. Also, the A-alkylation reaction is generally susceptible to steric effects, as seen by the low yields in the A -cthylation of (V-/-butylacetamide and of A-ethylpivalamide [6]. However, the low steric demand of the formyl group permits A,A-dialkylation and it is possible to obtain, after hydrolysis in 60% ethanolic sulphuric acid, the secondary amines having one (or, in some cases, two) bulky substituent(s) [7]. 

The quinoline antibiotics are relatively late arrivals on the antibiotic scene. The parent compound of this class of drugs is nalidixic acid. The downside of this molecule is the rapid development of resistance by pathogenic bacteria. A major step forward was the introduction of a single fluorine atom at a key position, to yield new molecules such as ciprofloxacin, ofloxacin, levofloxacin, andmoxifloxacin. Of these, levofloxacin and moxifloxacin have the best combinations of spectrum of action, potency, and pharmacokinetic properties. In time, they are likely to largely replace the current quinoline antibiotic of choice, ciprofloxacin. Since these molecules work by a different mechanism than do the p-lactams, organisms that become resistant to the latter are generally susceptible to the former. 

Erythromycin is effective in the treatment and prevention of S. pyogenes and other streptococcal infections, but not those caused by the more resistant fecal streptococci. Staphylococci are generally susceptible to erythromycin, so this antibiotic is a suitable alternative drug for the penicillin-hypersensitive individual. It is a second-line drug for the treatment of gonorrhea and syphilis. Although erythromycin is popular for the treatment of middle ear and sinus infections, including H. influenzae, possible erythromycin-resistant S. pneumoniae is a concern. 

Sulfonamides are generally susceptible to acid hydrolysis, but are not readily hydrolyzed under basic conditions (Fig. 61) (101). Primary alcohols react rapidly only with N,N -disubstituted sulfonamides to yield sulfonic esters. Sulfonamides are not susceptible to oxidation since the sulfur is already oxidized. 

Equation 1.92 fulfills all the conditions imposed on a generalized susceptibility, that is [36], it is a complex function of frequency, where... 

Other equivalent forms may be given for the absorption, derived from generalized susceptibilities. Let us consider the response of the medium to the external perturbation (Section I.A.4), being of the form... 

In linear response theory the optical activity is obtained from the part of the generalized susceptibility involving the temporal correlations of the electric and magnetic polarization fields46,47. For a system such as a normal fluid, described by a statistical operator that is invariant under space and time translations, the appropriate retarded Green function is,... 

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