PPG Products

Perkins Gtue Line Corrosioneering News Silicate P s and Q s PPG Products Reynolds Technical Advisor... 

PPG production planning and control PRT pressure reduction time... 

Many companies have patented sugar alcohol hydrogenolysis for PPG production from carbohydrates (eg, glycerol and sorbitol). However, the complex reactivity of the polyhydric alcohols has not been definitively elucidated. Consequently, an xmderstanding of selective CeO cleavage remains an important research challenge. 

Caustic Soda. Diaphragm cell caustic is commercially purified by the DH process or the ammonia extraction method offered by PPG and OxyTech (see Fig. 38), essentially involving Hquid—Hquid extraction to reduce the salt and sodium chlorate content (86). Thus 50% caustic comes in contact with ammonia in a countercurrent fashion at 60°C and up to 2500 kPa (25 atm) pressure, the Hquid NH absorbing salt, chlorate, carbonate, water, and some caustic. The overflow from the reactor is stripped of NH, which is then concentrated and returned to the extraction process. The product, about 62% NaOH and devoid of impurities, is stripped free of NH, which is concentrated and recirculated. MetaUic impurities can be reduced to low concentrations by electrolysis employing porous cathodes. The caustic is then freed of Fe, Ni, Pb, and Cu ions, which are deposited on the cathode. 

Each company has a full line of products including PPG (diols) and glycerol adducts, as well as other initiator adducts. 

Companies producing fatty amine quaternaries include Akzo Chemicals Inc. (Arquad) (73) Henkel Corporation (formerly General Mills) (Aliquat) (74) Humko Chemical (Witco Corporation) (Kemamine Q) (31) Jetco Chemicals (The Procter Gamble Company) (fet Quat) (75) Jordan Chemical Company (PPG Industries) (fordaquat and specialty quaternaries) (78) Lonza (Barquat and specialty quaternaries) (79) Sherex (Adogen) (76) and Tomah Products (Exxon Chemical Company) (Tomah Q) (77). 

Sihca is an expensive filler compared to carbon black and clay. With the entrance of four or five new suppHers the capacity is more than adequate for the foreseeable future. Much development work is being done by Degussa and PPG to develop products equivalent to the Rhc ne Poulenc HDS siUca. Huber reportedly has the abiUty to produce the high stmcture already. 

Most chloroformate production is used captively and production figures are not available. The prices are also not pubUshed, but can be obtained by contacting U.S. and other worldwide producers, such as PPG Industries, Inc., BASF, Van Cham, and SNPE. 

Significant improvements over the PPG process involve reaction of lime with concentrated HOCl (50%) and drying of the resultant slurry in a spray grainer or fluidized-bed spray dryer to produce hydrated product with av CI2 as high as 82% (126,127,129,210,211). 

The principal U.S. producers of 1,1,1-trichloroethane include The Dow Chemical Company, PPG Industries Inc., and Vulcan Materials Co. Several European and Japanese companies also produce large amounts aimually. Over 70% of the production is based on the vinyl chloride-1,1-dichloroethane process, 20% on the 1,1-dichloroethylene process, and about 10% on the direct chlorination of ethane. 

Figure 12.13 Illustration of isothermal dual capillary column clnomatography used for separation of UV photolysis products of methyl isopropyl ether, (a) Heait-cut and hack-flushing at preseparation clnomatogram 1, PPG pre-column (20 m X 0.25 mm i.d.) 55 °C, 0.2 har N2 3p.L. Clnomatogram 2, Marlophen main column (100 m X 0.25 mm i.d.) 1.5 har N2 sample, heait-cut from chromatogram 1. (h) Obtained under the same conditions as (a), hut without capping of the heait-cut. Reprinted with permission from Ref. (19).

Like the closely related compound polyethylene glycol, PPG is used as a thickener in many products. It is used in toothpaste to prevent bacteria from breaking down the pyrophosphates that control tartar buildup. 

Most automobile and furniture seating, foam mattresses, carpet underlay-ment, and other similar products are made from polyurethanes based on polypropylene glycol (PPG). PPG is the preferred raw material for these type of polymers because of the wide variation of possible properties of the end product and the relatively low cost. 

The only U.S. manufaeturers of trichloroethylene are DOW Chemical in Freeport, Texas, and PPG Industries in Lake Charles, Louisiana (CMR 1986 SRI 1987). These two manufaeturers have a eombined annual production capacity of 320 million pounds (SRI 1987). Prior to 1982, Ethyl Corporation, Diamond Shamrock, and Hooker Chemieal manufactured triehloroethylene (CMR 1983 Mannsville 1992). 

Hexachloroethane is not currently produced for commercial distribution in the United States. It is a by-product in the industrial chlorination of saturated and unsaturated C2 hydrocarbons by several U.S. companies, including Dow Chemical, PPG Industries, and Occidental Petroleum Corporation. The product may be used captively in-house or recycled in feedstock to produce tetrachloroethylene or carbon tetrachloride. Estimates of current production volumes were not located (Gordon et al. 1991 Santodonato et al. 1985 TRI93 1995). 

One of the most observed degradation pathways of non-ionic surfactants of ethoxylate type in the biochemical wastewater treatment process is the bond scission between the lipophilic alkyl chain and the hydrophilic ethoxylate moieties. The resulting ethoxylate compounds, PEG or PPG, are highly polar and are not quite easy to degrade, therefore often they can be observed in wastewater discharges. So, APCI— FIA-MS(+) product ion spectra of selected [M + NH4]+ ions, which were under suspicion as PEG (general formula HO—(CH2—CH2—0) H)... 

A PPG biodegradation product as metabolite of PPG generated by metabolisation of AP could be observed and verified by MS-MS(+) when WWTP effluents were examined by APCI-FIA-MS(+) and selected compounds were identified by FIA-MS-MS(+). In the SPE effluent extracts, two ions at m/z 266 and 324 were observed, which... 

Fig. 2.9.14. APCI-FIA-MS-MS(-I-) (CID) product ion mass spectrum of selected [M + NH4B parent ion (m/z 442) of non-ionic surfactant metabolite observed in Clg-SPE eluates PPG homologue (general formula H0-(CH2-CH(CH3)-0)X-H) fragmentation behaviour under CID presented in the inset [35],...

Dichlorobenzene is currently produced by 3 U.S. companies at 3 different locations Monsanto Company, in Sauget, Illinois PPG Industries, Inc., in Natrium, West Virginia and Standard Chlorine of Delaware, Inc., in Delaware City, Delaware (SRI 1997). Current annual production capacity for the Monsanto Company, PPG Industries, Inc., and Standard Chlorine Chemical Company is 33, 36, and... 

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