TARTAR CONTROL

It also is used in toothpastes, as a buffer, an emulsifier, and a detergent aid. It is the tartar control agent. It removes calcium and magnesium from the saliva, so they can t deposit on the teeth. 

FIGURE 9. Response differences of PTC tasters and nontasters to cooling response in tartar control mouthrinse over time after use [Adapted from ref. 55]. 

A. M. Pfarrer, D. J. White, M. Rapozo-Hilo and J. D. Featherstone (2001). Anticaries and hard tissue abrasion effects of a dual-action whitening, sodium hexametaphosphate tartar control dentifrice. J. Clin. Dent., 13, 50-54. 

This agent is found in some tartar control dentifrices and also has some plaque- and gingivitis-reducing properties as found in Mentadent and Advanced Care Viadent . ADA does not accept dentifrices with this ingredient for reducing plaque and gingivitis. 

Some patients cannot use tartar control toothpastes containing pyrophosphates because they develop tooth sensitivity and sloughing of tissue. These adverse effects have not been reported with non-pyrophosphate-containing tartar control products such as those made by Den-Mat Corporation (Rembrandt Toothpaste). 

Toothpastes are complex mixtures of abrasives and surfactants, anticaries agents, tartar control ingredients, pH buffers, humectants, and thickeners [15]. All the ingredients must pass Food and Drug Administration regulations. 

Take two test-tubes A and B in A place about 5 ml. of neutralised tartaric acid solution and in B place 5 ml. of distilled water. To each solution add 3-4 drops of ferric chloride solution. Place a piece of white paper under the tubes, look down their length and note that A is definitely yellow compared with the control tube B. This yellow colour is given by a-hydroxy-carboxylic-acids, lactic acid, tartaric acid, citric acid. 

The corrosion of tin by nitric acid and its inhibition by n-alkylamines has been reportedThe action of perchloric acid on tin has been studied " and sulphuric acid corrosion inhibition by aniline, pyridine and their derivatives as well as sulphones, sulphoxides and sulphides described. Attack of tin by oxalic, citric and tartaric acids was found to be under the anodic control of the Sn salts in solution in oxygen free conditions . In a study of tin contaminated by up to 1200 ppm Sb, it was demonstrated that the modified surface chemistry catalysed the hydrogen evolution reaction in deaerated citric acid solution. 

PEG is used as a thickener in many products. It is used in toothpaste to prevent bacteria from breaking down the pyrophosphates that control tartar buildup. 

The glass polyalkenoate cement system was not viable until Wilson and Crisp discovered the action of (+)-tartaric acid as a reaction-controlling additive (Wilson Crisp, 1975,1976,1980 Wilson, Crisp Ferner, 1976 Crisp Wilson, 1976 Crisp, Lewis Wilson, 1979). It may be regarded as an essential constituent and is invariably included in glass polyalkenoate cements as a reaction-controlling additive. 

Davies and Reider (1996) have given some details of the HIV protease inhibitor CRDCIVAN (INDINAVIR) for which (lS,2R)-c -amino indanol is required. Indene is epoxidized enantioselectively, using the lacobsen strategy (SS-salen Mn catalyst, aqueous NaOH and PiNO), to (lS,2/ )-indene oxide in a two-phase system, in which the OH concentration is controlled. Indene oxide was subjected to the Ritter reaction with MeCN, in the presence of oleum, and subsequent hydrolysis and crystallization in the presence of tartaric acid gives the desired amino indanol. 

Saito and coworkers have used C2-symmetrical alkenes derived from a variety of tartaric acid derivatives, for controller in discriminating 71 faces of dipolarophile in nitrone cycloaddition. Excellent endolexo and diastereofacial selectivity (de) are obtained. Endo transition state assembly shown in Eq. 8.50 could be responsible for the formation of preferred distereoisom-... 

Copper compounds are used routinely and widely to control freshwater snails that serve as intermediate vectors of schistosomiasis and other diseases that afflict humans (Hasler 1949 NAS 1977 Rowe and Prince 1983 Winger etal. 1984 Al-Sabri etal. 1993). These compounds include copper sulfate, copper pentachlorophenate, copper carbonate, copper-tartaric acid, Paris green (copper arsenite-acetate), copper oxide, copper chloride, copper acetyl acetonate, copper dimethyl dithiocar-bamate, copper ricinoleate, and copper rosinate (Cheng 1979). Also, many species of oyster enemies are controlled by copper sulfate dips. All tested species of marine gastropods, tunicates, echinoderms, and crabs that had been dipped for 5 seconds in a saturated solution of copper sulfate died if held in air for as little as a few seconds to 8 h mussels, however, were resistant (MacKenzie 1961). 

Highly enantioselective hydrogenation of / -keto esters is achieved by using a Raney Ni catalyst modified by tartaric add and NaBr (Fig. 32.14) [9, 55]. The catalyst should be prepared under controlled conditions induding suitable pH (3-4), temperature (100°C), and concentration of the modifier (1%) to achieve an optimum stereoselectivity. The addition of NaBr, an achiral modifier, is important. Furthermore, ultrasonic irradiation of the catalyst tends to increase the activity and enantioselectivity [9f,g]. Ultrasonication may remove nonselective sites of the catalyst surface. 

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